MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/related; type="text/html"; boundary="=boundary.Aspose.Words=--" This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --=boundary.Aspose.Words=-- Content-Disposition: inline; filename="document.html" Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: document.html </title= ><style type=3D"text/css">@page Section1 { size:612pt 792pt; margin:72pt }@= font-face { font-family:'CBKPLB+Calibri'; src:url('times.ttf') }@font-face = { font-family:'CBKPLB+Calibri'; font-weight:bold; src:url('timesbd.ttf') }@= font-face { font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; src:url('times.ttf') }@fo= nt-face { font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-weight:bold; src:url('= timesbd.ttf') }@font-face { font-family:'DMSBOM+Garamond Bold'; src:url('ti= mes.ttf') }@font-face { font-family:'DMSBOM+Garamond Bold'; font-weight:bol= d; src:url('timesbd.ttf') }@font-face { font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; src:= url('times.ttf') }@font-face { font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; 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font-size:12pt }.stl03 { font-size:12pt }.stl05 { fo= nt-size:12pt }span.Heading1Char { font-family:'Calibri Light'; font-size:16= pt; color:#2f5496 }span.Heading2Char { font-family:'Calibri Light'; font-si= ze:13pt; color:#2f5496 }span.Heading3Char { font-family:'Calibri Light'; fo= nt-size:12pt; color:#1f3763 }span.Heading4Char { font-family:'Calibri Light= '; font-style:italic; color:#2f5496 }span.Heading5Char { font-family:'Calib= ri Light'; color:#2f5496 }span.Heading6Char { font-family:'Calibri Light'; = color:#1f3763 }span.stl07 { font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:12pt; = color:#000000 }span.stl10 { letter-spacing:0pt }span.stl15 { letter-spacing= :0pt }span.stl47 { font-family:'CBKPLB+Calibri'; font-size:11pt; color:#000= 000 }span.stl96 { font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-size:10pt; color:#000= 000 }span.stlsup { vertical-align:baseline }</style></head><body><div class= =3D"Section1"><div style=3D"border:1pt solid #000000; clear:both"><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span style=3D"height:0pt; display:bl= ock; position:absolute; z-index:0"><img src=3D"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw= 0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnAAAAMoCAYAAABPud2NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAAOx= AAADsQBD6fLggAACCxJREFUeJzt1s1pAmEYhdE7OFkEIa5cTy3WkB5swgYswyqycS9TRxoQJOBi= 8KeFLJSXT8+p4FldbgIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAG3oqgOAYuv94uMy+86t+6pO4YGuGafdaqzOAJ6jrw4Aih2Pf9N8+ZPJHryW86m6AAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABeTVcd0IjPJEOSvjqE5p2S/FZHANA= 2h+R/hiTbJIvqEJp3SLKpjgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAeGd3vlcTjYstPQYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=3D" width=3D"62= 4" height=3D"808" alt=3D"" style=3D"position:absolute" /></span><span class= =3D"stl07">IUSTITIA et PULCHRITUDO (ISSN</span><span class=3D"stl07"> = </span><span class=3D"stl07">1607-4319) </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl= 07">Vol. 02, No. 02, Julio - Diciembre 2021 </span><span class=3D"stl07">&#= xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D= "stl07">pp. 16 - 32 </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:20pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-f= amily:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'; font-size:20pt">I</span><span class=3D"stl08"= style=3D"font-family:'DMSBOM+Garamond Bold'; font-size:20pt">nterpreting t= he Justiciability of GATT=E2=80=99s Article XXI: </span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'DMSBOM+Garamond Bold'; font-size:20pt"> </spa= n></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:20pt"><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'; font-size:20pt">Security Except= ions</span><span class=3D"stl15" style=3D"font-size:13pt; font-weight:bold;= letter-spacing:normal">=EA=A2=80 </span><span class=3D"stl15" style=3D"fon= t-size:13pt; font-weight:bold; letter-spacing:normal"> </span></p><p c= lass=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:11.5pt"><span class=3D"stl10" style=3D"= font-size:11.5pt; font-weight:bold; letter-spacing:normal">=EA=A2=81</span>= </p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:14pt"><span class=3D"stl08" sty= le=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:14pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt= ">Ana Carolina Rodr=C3=ADguez </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fa= mily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:14pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"> </spa= n></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">*= Autor para Correspondencia. E-mail</span><a href=3D"mailto:ammscigliani@gma= il.com" target=3D"_blank" style=3D"text-decoration:none"><span class=3D"stl= 07">: </span></a><a href=3D"mailto:ammscigliani@gmail.com" target=3D"_blank= " style=3D"text-decoration:none"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family= :'KLLBID+Garamond'; color:#0563c1">anacarolina@illueca.com </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; color:#0563c1"> <= /span></a></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"= stl07">Recibido: 14 de junio de 2021 </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </s= pan></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07"= >Aceptado: 15 de julio de 2021 </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:18pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'; font-size:18pt">___________________= _________________________________ </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fon= t-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'; font-size:18pt"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-f= amily:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'">Resumen: </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01"= style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">El presente trabajo anali= za la justiciabilidad del art=C3=ADculo XXI del Acuerdo General sobre Aranc= eles </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Aduaneros y Comercio. Para ello= , se analiza: (i) el contenido del art=C3=ADculo XXI; (ii) su car=C3=A1cter= auto- </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" sty= le=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">justiciable; (iii) los trabaj= os preparatorios que conducen a su redacci=C3=B3n; (iv) las discusiones lle= vadas a </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" st= yle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">cabo en el Acuerdo General s= obre Aranceles Aduaneros y Comercio/Organizaci=C3=B3n Mundial del </span><s= pan class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-heigh= t:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Comercio; (v) las consideraciones de la Corte= Internacional de Justicia; (vi) las posturas acad=C3=A9micas; </span><span= class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 2pt"><span class=3D"stl07">(vii) el est=C3=A1ndar de revisi=C3=B3n; (viii) = la pr=C3=A1ctica de los Estados; (ix) las estrategias para prevenir el abus= o </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D= "line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">del Derecho; y (x) consideraciones= finales. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" = style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQA= MF+Garamond-Bold'">Palabras clave: </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fo= nt-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">General Agreement on Tariffs an= d Trade, World Trade Organization, Article XXI, security </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">exceptions, self-judging. </span><span class=3D"stl07"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'">Abstract: </span><s= pan class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'"> </sp= an></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">= This paper analyzes the justiciability of Article XXI of the General Agreem= ent on Trade and Tariffs. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">To this en= d, it delves into: (i) the content of Article XXI; (ii) its self-judging ch= aracter; (iii) the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">preparatory wor= ks that led to its factual wording; (iv) the discussions conducted before t= he General </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01"= style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Agreement on Trade and Ta= riffs and the World Trade Organization system; (v) the International </span= ><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-he= ight:10.5pt"><span class=3D"stl10" style=3D"font-size:10.5pt; letter-spacin= g:normal">=EA=A2=80</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10= pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt">Ensayo presentado como parte del curso =E2=80=9C= </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-s= ize:10pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt">International Trade Law</span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=E2=80= =9D en la Maestr=C3=ADa en </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-famil= y:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Derecho de la Universidad de </span><s= pan class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Nueva Yo= rk. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fo= nt-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10.5= pt"><span class=3D"stl10" style=3D"font-size:10.5pt; letter-spacing:normal"= >=EA=A2=81</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span cl= ass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Licen= ciada en Derecho y Ciencias Pol=C3=ADticas (Universidad Santa Mar=C3=ADa La= Antigua, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamon= d-Italic'; font-size:10pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt">Summa Cum Laude</span><sp= an class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">= ); Certificado en </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID= +Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"li= ne-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond= '; font-size:10pt">Cooperaci=C3=B3n y Soluci=C3=B3n de Conflictos (Teacher= =E2=80=99s College, Columbia University); Maestr=C3=ADa en Derecho (New Yor= k </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font= -size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt">= <span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10p= t">University). Mediadora id=C3=B3nea en la Rep=C3=BAblica de Panam=C3=A1, = y consultora y obeservadora electoral a nivel local e </span><span class=3D= "stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </spa= n></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">internacional. Miemb= ro de la Junta Directiva Global de Generaci=C3=B3n Democracia del Instituto= Republicano Internacional. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" s= tyle=3D"line-height:11pt"><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.0= 5pt">16 </span><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt"> = </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span style=3D"hei= ght:0pt; display:block; position:absolute; z-index:1"><img src=3D"data:imag= e/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnAAAAMoCAYAAABPud2NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfA= hkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBD6fLggAAB9RJREFUeJztzgENgDAQALFDATYQiQCM4WsmSD4jr= YIWAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB84pgObOKqnuqcjrC9t7qnEwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAD81wJhPAIC+uXKoAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=3D=3D" width=3D"624" height=3D"808" al= t=3D"" style=3D"position:absolute" /></span><span class=3D"stl07">Court of = Justice considerations; (vi) scholarly writings; (vii) the standard of revi= ew; (viii) the state </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">practice; (ix) = the strategies for preventing legal abuses; and (x) it offers some final co= nsiderations. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl= 01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'= IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'">Keywords: </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Acuerdo General sobre Aranceles= Aduaneros y Comercio, Organizaci=C3=B3n Mundial del Comercio, </span><span= class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 2pt"><span class=3D"stl07">art=C3=ADculo XXI, excepciones relativas a la se= guridad, auto-justiciable. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p= class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"= font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'; letter-spacing:0.05pt">I. </span><span = class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'; letter-spacing= :0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><sp= an class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'">Introductio= n </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl07">The General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT)</span><span cl= ass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">1 </sp= an><span class=3D"stl07">embodies exceptions to the obligations and </span>= <span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-hei= ght:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">principles of the agreement. Specifically, = Article XXI deals with security exceptions and reads as </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">follows: </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p= ><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">=E2=80=9CNothing in this Agreement shall= be construed </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Gar= amond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><spa= n class=3D"stl07">(a) to require any contracting party to furnish any infor= mation the disclosure of which </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">it co= nsiders contrary to its essential security interests; or </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">(b) to prevent any contracting party from taking any a= ction which it considers </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p c= lass=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">necessary f= or the protection of its essential security interests </span><span class=3D= "stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><spa= n class=3D"stl07">(i) relating to fissionable materials or the materials fr= om which they are derived; </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p= class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">(ii) rela= ting to the traffic in arms, ammunition and implements of war and to such <= /span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"li= ne-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">traffic in other goods and materials = as is carried on directly or indirectly for the purpose </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">of supplying a military establishment; </span><span cl= ass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt= "><span class=3D"stl07">(iii) taken in time of war or other emergency in in= ternational relations; or </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">(c) to pre= vent any contracting party from taking any action in pursuance of its </spa= n><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-h= eight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">obligations under the United Nations Char= ter for the maintenance of international </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = ;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"st= l08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">peace and security.=E2=80=9D</= span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-siz= e:7pt">2 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond= '; font-size:7pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:= 12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">This provision is treated separately from the g= eneral exceptions contained in Article XX of the same </span><span class=3D= "stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><spa= n class=3D"stl07">instrument with an evident differentiation purpose. Artic= le XXI deals with security exceptions, </span><span class=3D"stl07"> <= /span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl0= 7">perhaps the most subjective and sensitive issue nations have jurisdictio= n over. This article has been </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p= ><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">subjec= t of debate, particularly over its self-judging character and justiciabilit= y. Among the legal </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">questions raise= d is whether Article XXI exceptions are subject to the GATT dispute settlem= ent </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">mechanism, enshrined in Article= XXIII. Those who claim its justiciability elaborate on the standard </span= ><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-he= ight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">of review that a panel should apply when d= etermining violations of GATT obligations. The </span><span class=3D"stl07"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl07">jurisprudence of the GATT/WTO does not provide a definitive answ= er to these questions</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLL= BID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">3</span><span class=3D"stl07">. Since the </s= pan><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line= -height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">establishment of the GATT, members have= brought few complaints regarding measures justified </span><span class=3D"= stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span= class=3D"stl07">under Article XXI but no binding report has been adopted. = Under the original GATT dispute </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" styl= e=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt">1 </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">GENERAL = AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE (GATT), Geneva (October 30, 1947). </span><s= pan class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt">2 </spa= n><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:1= 0pt">GATT, art. XXI. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLL= BID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D= "line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garam= ond'; font-size:6.5pt">3 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:= 'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">LINDSAY, Peter (2003): =E2=80=9CThe Ambi= guity of GATT Article XXI: Subtle Success or Rampant Failure=E2=80=9D</span= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10= pt">, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-It= alic'; font-size:10pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt">Duke Law Journal</span><span = class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt; let= ter-spacing:0.05pt">, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KL= LBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"f= ont-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Vol. 52, pp. 1278-1279. </spa= n><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:1= 0pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:11pt"><span c= lass=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt">17 </span><span class=3D"stl= 47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" sty= le=3D"line-height:12pt"><span style=3D"height:0pt; display:block; position:= absolute; z-index:2"><img src=3D"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhE= UgAAAnAAAAMoCAYAAABPud2NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBD6fLggA= ACMRJREFUeJzt3TFqVWEUhdF9HiFNmhCEdJmAc0nhFKwsMxetHUgK7VNobWUrlipIQjyZwAOfCP= nveazV/s0uP7hcTgIAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABMUqsHDPEyydsk56uHMN7HJDerRwAAA= AAAAAAAAAAArOAnhv/U3RdJrlbvAIAj8Zjka1X9WD1ky05WDzgC10nerx4BAMegu39W1askt6u3= bNlu9QAAAP6NgAMAGEbAAQAMI+AAAIYRcAAAwwg4AIBhBBwAwDACDgBgGAEHADCMSwwH6O5Kcpr= 9p8d23X3/zJOAgaqqk3R3r54CW/Y7yZ/VI7ZOwB3mKsmbJGf73rr7+zPvAQbq7sckH5Lcrd4CG/= ZQVV9Wj9g6AXeYyySvk7zY97jb+RIN/F1331fVp6p6t3oLMJvyAAAYRsABAAwj4AAAhhFwAADDC= DgAgGEEHADAMAIOAGAYAQcAMIyAAwAYxiWGw/zq7s9JzlcPAUZ7SPJt9QgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABgmSdX8TS= 6U5jkwAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=3D=3D" width=3D"624" height=3D"808" alt=3D"" style= =3D"position:absolute" /></span><span class=3D"stl07">settlement system, </= span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">the pane= ls=E2=80=99 jurisdiction was curtailed by a requirement of consensus among = member </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl07">States in order to issue a binding report. With the establishmen= t of the World Trade Organization </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span= ></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">(W= TO) and the adoption of the </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">Dispute Settlement Understanding </span><span = class=3D"stl07">(DSU), a new dispute settlement </span><span class=3D"stl07= "> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span clas= s=3D"stl07">mechanism gave panels more independence and much less power to = members to block the reports. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p= ><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Only o= n one occasion has an Article XXI complaint been brought under the new syst= em, and it was </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"st= l01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">settled before a pane= l could issue a decision. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">The lack o= f a definitive GATT/WTO panel interpretation on the justiciability of measu= res invoked </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01= " style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">under the security excep= tions has left a loophole to be filled by alternative interpretations. The = purpose </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" st= yle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">of this paper is to provide = guidance on the question of justiciability of Article XXI, security excepti= ons. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">The paper analyzes the preparat= ory works of Article XXI, along with its subsequent interpretation by </spa= n><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-h= eight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">member States in GATT/WTO forums. Additio= nally, considerations by the International Court of </span><span class=3D"s= tl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span = class=3D"stl07">Justice will be provided. Academic opinions and relevant St= ate practice regarding Article XXI will </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl= 07">complement the discussion. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'; letter-spacing:0.05pt">II. </span><= span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'; letter-sp= acing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt= "><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'">Articl= e XXI: A Self-Judging Clause </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fam= ily:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"li= ne-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">According to Stephan Schill and Robyn= Briese, self-</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Gar= amond'">judging clauses are =E2=80=9Cprovisions in internationa</span><span= class=3D"stl07">l </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">legal instrumen= ts by means of which States retain the right to escape or derogate from an = international </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl= 01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">obligation based on un= ilateral considerations and based on their subjective appreciation of wheth= er </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">the circumstances required for = the invocation of t</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNI= C+Garamond'">he clause exist=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"= font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">4</span><span class=3D"stl07"= >. For Schill and Briese, self-judging </span><span class=3D"stl07"> <= /span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl0= 7">clauses possess two identifiable characteristics: they provide a unilate= ral opt-out from an international </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span= ></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">ob= ligation and they give the invoking State the discretion of determining whe= ther the elements for the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">opt-out ha= ve been fulfilled</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+= Garamond'; font-size:7pt">5</span><span class=3D"stl07">. Schill and Briese= follow the rules of interpretation of the Vienna </span><span class=3D"stl= 07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span cl= ass=3D"stl07">Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT), specifically Articl= e 31(1), when asserting that self-judging </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = 0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"s= tl07">clauses should clearly state that a Contracting Party will retain the= discretion to decide the scope and </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </sp= an></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" = style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">applicability of the provision (for= example, by using the words =E2=80=9Cif the State considers=E2=80=9D)</spa= n><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7= pt">6</span><span class=3D"stl07">. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </sp= an></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">= The language of Article XXI favors the conclusion that it is a self-judging= provision. Since it is an </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p= class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">exception= , its invocation provides an opt-out of GATT obligations. In addition, it u= ses the word </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl0= 1" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'D= TLNIC+Garamond'; letter-spacing:0.05pt">=E2=80=9C</span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">nothing</span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; letter-spacing:0.05pt">= =E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl07">, and the wording of its sub-</span><= span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">paragraphs (a)= and (b) provide for the article=E2=80=99s invocation when </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p cl= ass=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">a contractin= g party considers it necessary</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fa= mily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">7</span><span class=3D"stl07">. The = content of this provision neither signals the existence </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">of an objective standard of review nor explicitly prov= ides jurisdiction to the GATT/WTO for </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </= span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08= " style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">determining the righteousness of = the measure. In contrast, Article XX=E2=80=99s chapeau, which enshrines an = </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> = </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl= 07">objective standard of review, does provide the WTO with jurisdiction to= examine various aspects of </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><= p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">an invoc= ation under such exceptions, such as the necessity of the measure</span><sp= an class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">8= </span><span class=3D"stl07">. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl08" styl= e=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt">4</span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-f= amily:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">SCHILL, Stephan & BRIESE, Roby= n (2009): =E2=80=9CIf the State Considers: Self</span><span class=3D"stl08"= style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">-Judging Clauses i= n International Dispute </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'= KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Ga= ramond'; font-size:10pt">Settlement=E2=80=9D, </span><span class=3D"stl08" = style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">Max Planck Y= earbook of United Nations Law</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fam= ily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">, Vol. 13, p. 92. </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </= span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08= " style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt">5 </span><span c= lass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3= =8Ddem, p. 68. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Ga= ramond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-= height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; = font-size:6.5pt">6 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBI= D+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, pp. 69-70. </span><span class=3D"st= l08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" styl= e=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt">7 </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">ALFORD, = </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-s= ize:10pt">Roger P. (2001): =E2=80=9C</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"f= ont-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">The Self-</span><span = class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'UKTMOM+Garamond Italic'; font-size:10= pt">Judging WTO Security Exception=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" sty= le=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">, </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">U= TAH Law Review</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Gar= amond'; font-size:10pt">, No. 3, p. 759. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p clas= s=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt">8 </span><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">LINDSAY (2003), p. 1= 282. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; f= ont-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:11p= t"><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt">18 </span><span cl= ass=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"= stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span style=3D"height:0pt; display:block;= position:absolute; z-index:3"><img src=3D"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGg= oAAAANSUhEUgAAAnAAAAMoCAYAAABPud2NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAAD= sQBD6fLggAAB+pJREFUeJzt1jERwlAUAMHL0MUCHbJQGEtUeEBBLNC9/MmugiuvAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAICr2KYDFvGs3tU+HcLyPtUx= HQHA2gzcf/bqVT2mQ1jer/pORwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAwH2cFFwEA92pY9AAAAAASUVORK5CYII=3D" width=3D"624" height=3D"808"= alt=3D"" style=3D"position:absolute" /></span><span class=3D"stl07">The se= lf-judging character of Article XXI remains subject of academic and legal d= ebate. This paper </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D= "stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">will offer contras= ting positions and arguments regarding the justiciability of the provision = and the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" st= yle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">question of its self-judging= character. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01= " style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IH= QAMF+Garamond-Bold'">III. Preparatory</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"= font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'"> </span><span class=3D"stl08" styl= e=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'">Works </span><span class=3D"stl08"= style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'"> </span></p><p class=3D"= stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Preparatory works, = as supplementary means of interpretation</span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">9</span><span class=3D"st= l07">, are relevant when dealing with the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = 0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"s= tl07">ambiguity surrounding the justiciability and self-judging character o= f Article XXI, and the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p cla= ss=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">implausibilit= y of resolving the question through the ordinary meaning of the clause. In = general, </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" s= tyle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">preparatory works provide u= seful insight in cases of ambiguity or obscurity of legal provisions. </spa= n><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-h= eight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Ultimately, the analysis of the preparato= ry works of Article XXI will afford a reasonable interpretation </span><spa= n class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:= 12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">of the = article=E2=80=99s object and purpose as conceived by the GATT=E2=80=99s Con= tracting Parties. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC= +Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt">= <span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">As evidenced = by the first drafts of the GATT, the United States=E2=80=99 State Departmen= t Proposal</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamon= d'; font-size:7pt">10 </span><span class=3D"stl07">and the </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"= ><span class=3D"stl07">London Draft</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fo= nt-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">11</span><span class=3D"stl07">= , States recognized the need to establish exceptions to the obligations and= general </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" s= tyle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">principles that were going = to be agreed upon in the new trade organization. The GATT 1947 eventually <= /span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"li= ne-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond= '">separated general exceptions (Article XX) from security exceptions (Arti= cle XXI); however it wasn=E2=80=99t </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"f= ont-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"= line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">originally conceived that way. In t= he New York Draft of Charter</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">12</span><span class=3D"stl07">, these= exceptions were all included </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p= ><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">under =E2=80=9Cgeneral exceptions=E2=80= =9D, as follows: </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+= Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">=E2=80=9CArtic= le 37 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">=  </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">General exception= s to chapter V </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Ga= ramond-Italic'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12= pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Subject to the requirement that such measures are= not applied in a manner which </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">would= constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between co= untries </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" st= yle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">where the same conditions pr= evail, or a disguised restriction on international trade, </span><span clas= s=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt">= <span class=3D"stl07">nothing in Chapter V shall be construed to prevent th= e adoption or enforcement by </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p>= <p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">any Mem= ber of measures: </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"= stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">(a) </span><span cl= ass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt= "><span class=3D"stl07">Necessary to protect public morals; </span><span cl= ass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt= "><span class=3D"stl07">(b) </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><= p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">For the = purpose of protecting human, animal or plant life or health, if </span><spa= n class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:= 12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">corresponding domestic safeguards under similar= conditions exist in the importing </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </spa= n></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">c= ountry; </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" st= yle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">(c) </span><span class=3D"st= l07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span c= lass=3D"stl07">Relating to fissionable materials; </span><span class=3D"stl= 07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span cl= ass=3D"stl07">(d) Relating</span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span><span c= lass=3D"stl07">to the traffic in arms, ammunition and implements of war and= to such </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" s= tyle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">traffic in other goods and = materials as is carried on for the purpose of supplying a </span><span clas= s=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt">= <span class=3D"stl07">military establishment; </span><span class=3D"stl07">=  </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt">9 </spa= n><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:1= 0pt">VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES (VCLT), Vienna (May 23, 1969)= , Art. 32. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamo= nd'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-heig= ht:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fon= t-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">10 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">UNITED S= TATES OF AMERICA, DEPARTMENT OF STATE: =E2=80=9CProposals for Expansion o</= span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-siz= e:10pt">f World Trade and </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family= :'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" sty= le=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+= Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Employment=E2=80=9D (November 1945). </span><spa= n class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">&= #xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-= spacing:-0.05pt">11 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLN= IC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">UNITED NATIONS, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL: = =E2=80=9CConference on Trade and Employment, Report of </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </= span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08= " style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">the First Session= of the Preparatory Committee=E2=80=9D, E/PC/T/33 (December 1946). </span><= span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt= "> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span clas= s=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter= -spacing:-0.05pt">12 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTL= NIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">UNITED NATIONS, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL:= =E2=80=9CConference on Trade and Employment, Rep</span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">ort of </span><s= pan class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">the Draf= ting Committee of the Preparatory Committee=E2=80=9D, E/PC/T/34 (March 1947= ). </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; fon= t-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:11pt"= ><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt">19 </span><span clas= s=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"st= l01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span style=3D"height:0pt; display:block; p= osition:absolute; z-index:4"><img src=3D"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoA= AAANSUhEUgAAAnAAAAMoCAYAAABPud2NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQ= BD6fLggAAB9JJREFUeJztzgENgEAMALFDA06wg0MEoO9lLEtaBS0AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAACYck0Hlniqr7qnI6z3V+90AgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAgCUOyWgCAvvOv6YAAAAASUV= ORK5CYII=3D" width=3D"624" height=3D"808" alt=3D"" style=3D"position:absolu= te" /></span><span class=3D"stl07">(e) </span><span class=3D"stl07"> <= /span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl0= 7">In time of war or other emergency in international relations, relating t= o the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" styl= e=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">protection of the essential se= curity interests of a Member; </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p= ><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07" style= =3D"letter-spacing:-0.05pt">(f) </span><span class=3D"stl07" style=3D"lette= r-spacing:-0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height= :12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Relating to the importation or exportation of = gold or silver; </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"s= tl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">(g) </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"= ><span class=3D"stl07">Necessary to secure compliance with laws or regulati= ons which are not </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D= "stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">inconsistent with = the provisions of Chapter V, such as, those relating to customs </span><spa= n class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:= 12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">enforcement, deceptive practices, and the prote= ction of patents, trade marks and </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span= ></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">co= pyrights; </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" = style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">(h) </span><span class=3D"= stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span= class=3D"stl07">Relating to the products of prison labour; </span><span cl= ass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt= "><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">(=E2=80=A6)= </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> = ;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"st= l07">(k) Undertaken in pursuance of obligations under the United Nations Ch= arter for the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl= 01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">maintenance or restora= tion of </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'= ">international peace and security.=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" st= yle=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">13 </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt"> </s= pan></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07"= >If the article had remained as originally presented, any measure otherwise= prohibited and justified </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">under sub-= paragraphs (c), (d), (e), and (k) would also need to comply with the condit= ions imposed by </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"s= tl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family= :'DTLNIC+Garamond'">the article=E2=80=99s cha</span><span class=3D"stl07">p= eau. In other words, measures justified under security exceptions could not= have been </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01"= style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">applied in a manner that = would constitute arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countrie= s </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D= "line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">where the same conditions prevail,= or in a manner which constituted a disguised restriction on </span><span c= lass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12p= t"><span class=3D"stl07">international trade</span><span class=3D"stl08" st= yle=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">14</span><span class= =3D"stl07">. The only difference between the chapeau of Article 37, and the= current text of </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"= stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Article XX of the G= ATT is insignificant. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p clas= s=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">The United Sta= tes delegation proposed an amendment to the New York Draft Charter, which <= /span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"li= ne-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">suggested the exclusion of items (c),= (d), (e), (j) and (k) from Article 37, stating that this article related <= /span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"li= ne-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond= '">only to Chapter V, and their inclusion in a new article to be placed =E2= =80=9Ctoward the end of the Charter </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"f= ont-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"= line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamo= nd'">(=E2=80=A6) [making] these items general exceptions to the entire char= ter</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; let= ter-spacing:1.75pt">=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fam= ily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">15</span><span class=3D"stl07">. </sp= an><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-= height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">When submitting the proposal for the con= sideration of the commission discussing the general </span><span class=3D"s= tl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span = class=3D"stl07">exceptions, the Chairman himself stated that the proposal i= ntended to make those sub-paragraphs </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </s= pan></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07"= >apply to the Charter as a whole and not only to Chapter V</span><span clas= s=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">16</span= ><span class=3D"stl07">. During the discussion of these security </span><sp= an class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height= :12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">exceptions, the Netherlands delegate asked for= clarification as to what meaning would be given to the </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">phrases </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fam= ily:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">emergency in international relations </span><= span class=3D"stl07">and </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:= 'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">essential security interests</span><span class=3D= "stl07">, feeling they could create a large </span><span class=3D"stl07">&#= xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D= "stl07">loophole</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+G= aramond'; font-size:7pt">17</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-famil= y:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">. The United States=E2=80=99 (US) delegate attempted t= o address the previous concerns, feeling an </span><span class=3D"stl08" st= yle=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" s= tyle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">obligation to do so as they= had originally drafted the text of those provisions. He argued that the ri= ght </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">or need of a Member to determin= e what their security interests are and to take action accordingly </span><= span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-heig= ht:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">should be unquestionable. In explaining what= would constitute an emergency in international relations, </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"= ><span class=3D"stl07">the US delegate gave as an example the restrictions = to imports and exports by his government during </span><span class=3D"stl07= "> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span clas= s=3D"stl07">World War II. More significantly, he explained that during the = drafting efforts the US recognized a </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </s= pan></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08"= style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0= .05pt">13 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamon= d'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fam= ily:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">. </span><span class=3D"stl08= " style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt"> </sp= an></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" = style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.= 05pt">14 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond= '; font-size:10pt">PAUWELYN, Joost H.B.</span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt; l= etter-spacing:0.05pt">et al</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-famil= y:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">. (2016): </span><span class=3D"stl08"= style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">Internation= al Trade Law </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Gara= mond'; font-size:10pt">(Wolters Kluwer, 3rd ed.), p. 419. </span><span clas= s=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> <= /span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl= 08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing= :-0.05pt">15 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Gara= mond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-f= amily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt">UNITED STAT= ES OF AMERICA, UNITED STATES DELEGATION TO THE UNITED NATIONS </span><span = class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt; let= ter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-heigh= t:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-= size:10pt">ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL: =E2=80=9CProposal submitted to the = Second Session of the Preparatory Committee of </span><span class=3D"stl08"= style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><= p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D= "font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">the U.N. Conference on Trad= e and Employment=E2=80=9D, E/PC/T/W/23 (May 1974), p. 5 (=E2=80=9C</span><s= pan class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'UKTMOM+Garamond Italic'; font-siz= e:10pt">US Proposal=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">). </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p clas= s=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">16 </spa= n><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:1= 0pt">UNITED NATIONS, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL: =E2=80=9CSec</span><span = class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">ond= Session of the Preparatory Committee of </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p clas= s=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">the U.N. Conference on Trade and = Employment, 25th mtg. of Comm=E2=80=99n A, E/PC/T/A/PV/25 (July 1947), p. 3= 9. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; fon= t-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.= 5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">17 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">UNITED NATIONS, ECONOMIC AND SOCI= AL COUNCIL: =E2=80=9CSecond Session of the Preparatory Committee of </span>= <span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10p= t"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span cla= ss=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">the U.= N. Conf</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond';= font-size:10pt">erence on Trade and Employment, 33rd mtg. of Comm=E2=80=99= n A, E/PC/T/A/PV/33 (July 1947), p. 19 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p clas= s=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">(=E2=80=9C</span><span class=3D"s= tl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">Verbat= ium of 33rd Meeting</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNI= C+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=E2=80=9D). </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p clas= s=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:11pt"><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"lette= r-spacing:0.05pt">20 </span><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0= .05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span= style=3D"height:0pt; display:block; position:absolute; z-index:5"><img src= =3D"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnAAAAMoCAYAAABPud2NAAAAB= HNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBD6fLggAAB+dJREFUeJztzjERAgEQALFlBopX= gCzEYoUaB99SI+O4IVGQAgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAA+DOX6cAS9+pRHdMR1ntXz+kEALtdpwNLfKpXdZuOsN45HQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADgR3wBOu8EwnKMgfYAAAAASUVORK5CYII= =3D" width=3D"624" height=3D"808" alt=3D"" style=3D"position:absolute" /></= span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">need for= balance. The exceptions could not be too tight as to prohibit measures =E2= =80=9Cneeded purely for </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'= DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:= 12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">securit= y reasons=E2=80=9D nor too broad as to permit the pretext of security to al= low =E2=80=9Canything under the </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line= -height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"= >sun=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Gara= mond'; font-size:7pt">18</span><span class=3D"stl07">. </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">Continuing the discussion of the US proposal, the comm= ission then proceeded to consider the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </= span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07= ">introductory paragraph for the new article. The introductory text for the= new article disposed: </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p cla= ss=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">=E2=80=9CNothing in this Charter shall be constr= ued to require any Member=E2=80=A6=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" sty= le=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">19</span><span class=3D= "stl07">. The Chairman opened the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span= ></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">fl= oor for discussion on the issue of the possibility of reviewing measures in= voked under these </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D= "stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">exceptions. Specia= l weight is given to the remarks by the delegation who introduced the amend= ment. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" styl= e=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">The US delegate stated that a = Member who invokes such exceptions would not violate the Charter, </span><s= pan class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-heigh= t:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">but i= f that unilateral action affected another Member =E2=80=9Cthat member would= have the right to seek </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'= DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:= 12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">redress= of some kind under Article 35=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">20</span><span class=3D"s= tl07">. Article 35 of the New York Draft referred to dispute </span><span c= lass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12p= t"><span class=3D"stl07">settlement within the organization. The Australian= representative suggested the inclusion of either a </span><span class=3D"s= tl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span = class=3D"stl07">paragraph or a note that would further clarify that the sec= urity exceptions did not conflict with Article </span><span class=3D"stl07"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl07">35</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Gara= mond'; font-size:7pt">21</span><span class=3D"stl07">. </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">After receiving assuranc= es by the US delegation that the lack of conflict was =E2=80=9Cperfectly cl= ear=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garam= ond'; font-size:7pt">22</span><span class=3D"stl07">, </span><span class=3D= "stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><spa= n class=3D"stl07">the Australian representative withdrew his reservation. S= ubsequently, the proposal was approved. The </span><span class=3D"stl07">&#= xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D= "stl07">content of Article XXI as we know it today was settled in the Genev= a Final Act of October 30, 1947 </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">and = it has never been amended</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:= 'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">23</span><span class=3D"stl07">. Needless= to say, the current language of the article is almost identical </span><sp= an class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height= :12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">to the= US=E2=80=99 proposal. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'D= TLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 2pt"><span class=3D"stl07">After examining the discussions leading up to th= e adoption of this article, it is possible to assert the </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">following conclusions. The decision to relocate the se= curity exceptions from the general provision to </span><span class=3D"stl07= "> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span clas= s=3D"stl07">a separate article gives us strong indications that the Contrac= ting Parties wished these exceptions to </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl= 07">be granted a special treatment. The parties also recognized their indiv= idual right to determine what </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p= ><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">consti= tutes a security interest while at the same time asserting that the article= would be justiciable. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p cla= ss=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'; letter-spacing:0.05pt">IV. </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'; letter-spacing:0.= 05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span = class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'">Article XXI Di= scussions in the GATT/WTO System </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Very few cases have been subjec= t to a formal dispute settlement procedure under Article XXI </span><span c= lass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12p= t"><span class=3D"stl07">exceptions. Even though GATT/WTO panels have not b= een able to issue binding jurisprudence, it is </span><span class=3D"stl07"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl07">relevant to reproduce some of the discussions that took place ar= ound those formal complaints. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p= ><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Additi= onally, further recollection of the opinions of member States at council me= etings regarding the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">scope of the ar= ticle will provide important insight. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </= span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07= ">During the Third Session of the GATT, Czechoslovakia requested a decision= under Article XXIII </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">regarding wheth= er the US had failed to meet its GATT obligations by issuing export license= s</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-= size:7pt">24</span><span class=3D"stl07">. The </span><span class=3D"stl07"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">US=E2=80=99 defense was = based on Article XXI, arguing the export licenses were being issued to prod= ucts they </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamon= d'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span cl= ass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; lett= er-spacing:-0.05pt">18 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'K= LLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, pp. 20-22. </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </= span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08= " style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-= 0.05pt">19 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamo= nd-Italic'; font-size:10pt">US Proposal </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">(1974). </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> = </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl= 08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing= :-0.05pt">20 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Gara= mond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">Verbatium of 33rd Meeting </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">(1947), = p. 26-27. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamon= d'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-heigh= t:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-= size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">21 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, pp. 27-28. </= span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-siz= e:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><spa= n class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; = letter-spacing:-0.05pt">22 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-famil= y:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem. </span><span class=3D"stl08= " style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p>= <p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"= >23 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; fo= nt-size:10pt">WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, SECRETARIAT (2012): =E2=80=9CGATT A= nalytical Index =E2=80=93 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family= :'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Guide to GATT Law and </span><span clas= s=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> <= /span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Practice=E2=80= =9D (=E2=80=9CAnalytical Index=E2=80=9D). </span><span class=3D"stl08" styl= e=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p cla= ss=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">24 </sp= an><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:= 10pt">GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE, REQUEST FOR A DECISION UNDER = ART. XXIII </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamo= nd'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-heig= ht:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font= -size:10pt">BY CZECHOSLOVAKIA: =E2=80=9C</span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">United States </span><sp= an class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">= =E2=80=93 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamon= d'; font-size:10pt">Issue of Exp</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">ort Licenses=E2=80=9D, </span><sp= an class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">= GATT/CP.3/33 (May 1949). </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:= 'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" styl= e=3D"line-height:11pt"><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt= ">21 </span><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </s= pan></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span style=3D"height= :0pt; display:block; position:absolute; z-index:6"><img src=3D"data:image/p= ng;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnAAAAMoCAYAAABPud2NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhki= AAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBD6fLggAACcRJREFUeJzt3bGKXGUYxvHnmznGVSsxkCADVumsFUvv= wMobUHMN3oid3oFtihQpvAdBBZvIgmAlkmSTzc5509qsTGTJN+/w+9Vf8ZR/zineBAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAjsSYPaCJW0nuJNnM= HkJ7F0n+mj0CgN6W2QOauJvkfpL3Zg+hvZ+T/DB7BAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAHQ1Zg84BVU1knyY5J3ZWwCguTXJn2OMi9lDjtkye8ApOD8/P9vtdt8l+XT2FgD= orKqe7vf7r5L8NHvLMRNwN2C326WqPhhj3J29BQCae7Isy63ZI47dZvYAAABej4ADAGhGwAEANC= PgAACaEXAAAM0IOACAZgQcAEAzAg4AoBkBBwDQjEsMB6iqO0m+SHJ2zZMlSa3r+vubWwXAKamqR= +5/JkleXF5e/jF7xLFzzP4AVfVJkgdJbs/eAsDJ+miMIVw4iF+oAADNCDgAgGYEHABAMwIOAKAZ= AQcA0IyAAwBoRsABADQj4AAAmhFwAADNOKV1mGdV9UuS92cPAeA0jTEuZ28AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAOBfxuwBp6KqliTL7B0A0FwleTnGWGcPOWaC4wZU1TbJl0k+m70FAJp7keT7J= L/OHnLMBNzN2Cb5PMnXs4cAQGdV9WSM8TAC7j9tZg8AAOD1CDgAgGYEHABAMwIOAKAZAQcA0IyA= AwBoRsABADQj4AAAmhFwAADNuMRwgKp6N8m9JG9d82S7rus+yW9vbhVAf2OMl0mez97BUXmW5J/= ZI46dgDvMx0keJLl93YPNxsdMgP/hxyTfjDH+nj0EOlEdAADNCDgAgGYEHABAMwIOAKAZAQcA0I= yAAwBoRsABADQj4AAAmhFwAADNuMRwmH1VPU1yNnsIwCkZYzxPUrN3QDcC7jCP13X9drvdvj17C= MApubq6erwsy8XsHQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABwA14BILZoqU31= spUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=3D" width=3D"624" height=3D"808" alt=3D"" style=3D"posi= tion:absolute" /></span><span class=3D"stl07">considered could potentially = be used by a military establishment</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fo= nt-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">25</span><span class=3D"stl07">= . When the issue was discussed with </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </sp= an></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" = style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">the members, the Czech delegate pro= tested that because the US=E2=80=99 interpretation of =E2=80=9Cwar material= s=E2=80=9D was </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Ga= ramond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><sp= an class=3D"stl07">so broad there was no way to know what the term actually= covered</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'= ; font-size:7pt">26</span><span class=3D"stl07">. The British delegate argu= ed that </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" st= yle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC= +Garamond'">each State =E2=80=9Cmust have the last resort on questions rela= ting to its own security=E2=80=9D and, as such, the </span><span class=3D"s= tl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"= stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Czechoslovakian com= plaint should be dismissed</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family= :'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">27</span><span class=3D"stl07">. The mem= bers voted on the complaint and the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </sp= an></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">= majority found that the US had not failed to carry out its GATT obligations= . </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D= "line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07" style=3D"letter-spacing:-0.05pt">I= n </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">1961= Ghana considered the Portuguese=E2=80=99 presence in Angola as a threat to= African peace, and </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLN= IC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt= "><span class=3D"stl07">justified the establishment of a boycott on Portugu= ese goods under Article XXI (b) (iii). Specifically, </span><span class=3D"= stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span= class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">Ghana=E2=80=99s in= terpretation of the article entailed that each country was to be the =E2=80= =9Csole judge=E2=80=9D of what was </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fo= nt-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"l= ine-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">necessary for its security interests= , and added that the threat which prompted those measures could </span><spa= n class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:= 12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">be either perceived or apparent</span><span cla= ss=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">28</spa= n><span class=3D"stl07">. In this instance, the issue of GATT jurisdiction = over Article XXI </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"= stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">claims was not rais= ed</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font= -size:7pt">29</span><span class=3D"stl07">. </span><span class=3D"stl07">&#= xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D= "stl07">Sweden, in 1976, placed a global import quota for certain footwear<= /span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-si= ze:7pt">30 </span><span class=3D"stl07">justified under Article XXI. At </s= pan><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line= -height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">the time, Sweden was facing a decrease = in domestic production and determined that the maintenance </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"= ><span class=3D"stl07">of a minimum domestic production capacity </span><sp= an class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">in the footwear = industry was =E2=80=9Cindispensable in order to </span><span class=3D"stl08= " style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl0= 1" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">secure the provision of= essential products necessary to meet basic needs in case of war or other <= /span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"li= ne-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond= '">emergency in international relations=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08= " style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">31</span><span cla= ss=3D"stl07">. Even though Sweden offered to consult bilaterally with </spa= n><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-h= eight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">affected members, and despite the quota w= as in place for only two years, this situation exemplifies the </span><span= class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 2pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">complexi= ties of national security exceptions. As Raj Bhala has accurately stated, = =E2=80=9C[t]here are cases in </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fa= mily:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-h= eight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">which commercial and national security in= terests are so intertwined that a bright line between the two </span><span = class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12= pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">interests= can=E2=80=99t be drawn=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">32</span><span class=3D"stl07">. T= his is just one example of how almost anything can be justified, rightfully= </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"= line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">or wrongfully, as essential for nat= ional security. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"s= tl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">The European Communi= ties (EC), Canada, and Australia applied a total ban on imports from </span= ><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-he= ight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Argentina after the 1982 Falklands/Malvina= s conflict. They justified the measure under Article XXI </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">and said the exercise of rights under this exception w= as not subject to notification, justification, or </span><span class=3D"stl= 07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span cl= ass=3D"stl07">approval</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KL= LBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">33 </span><span class=3D"stl07">by other mem= bers. Argentina argued that a failure to notify trade restrictions was not = only </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">a violation of fundamental GATT= obligations but also a lack of respect for all Contracting Parties</span><= span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt"= >34</span><span class=3D"stl07">. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span= ></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Th= e Brazilian delegate sided with Argentina and stated that while every membe= r has the right to </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-f= amily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">25 </span= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10= pt">GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE, REPLY BY THE UNITED STATES DELE= GATION: </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'= ; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:= 10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-si= ze:10pt">=E2=80=9CUnited States =E2=80=93 Issue of Export Licenses=E2=80=9D= </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic';= font-size:10pt">, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBI= D+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">GATT/CP.3/38 (June 1949). </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </= span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:= -0.05pt">26 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garam= ond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D= "stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRAD= E, THIRD SESSION OF THE CONTRACTING </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"f= ont-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"= stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-famil= y:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">PARTIES: =E2=80=9CSummary Record of th= e Twenty</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'= ; font-size:10pt">-</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNI= C+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Second Meeting=E2=80=9D, GATT/CP. 3/SR.22 (Jun= e 1949). </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond= '; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height= :10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-s= ize:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">27 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D= "font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, p. 7. </span><sp= an class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=  </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-= spacing:-0.05pt">28 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLB= ID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE, NINET= EENTH SESSION OF THE CONTRACTING </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl= 01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'= DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">PARTIES: =E2=80=9CSummary Record of the T= welfth Session=E2=80=9D, SR.19/12 (Decemb</span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">er 1961), p. 196. </span= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10= pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span cl= ass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; lett= er-spacing:-0.05pt">29 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'K= LLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">SCHOLEMANN, Hannes L. & OHLHOFF, Stefa= n (1999): </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamon= d'; font-size:10pt; letter-spacing:0.1pt">=E2=80=9C</span><span class=3D"st= l08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Constitutional= ization and Dispute Settlement in the WTO: </span><span class=3D"stl08" sty= le=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p cl= ass=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fon= t-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">National Security as an Issue o= f Competence=E2=80=9D, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'C= VINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">American Journal of International L= aw, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fo= nt-size:10pt">Vol. 93, pp. 424, 436. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"= font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D= "stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">30 </span><s= pan class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-siz= e:10pt">Analytical Index (2012)</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-f= amily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">, p. 603. </span><span class=3D"st= l08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" styl= e=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt= ">31 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; f= ont-size:10pt">GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE, NOTIFICATION BY THE = SWEDISH DELEGATION: </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLB= ID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"= line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamo= nd'; font-size:10pt">=E2=80=9C</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fa= mily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Sweden </span><span class=3D"stl08"= style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=E2=80=93 Import R= estrictions on Certain Footwear=E2=80=9D, </span><span class=3D"stl08" styl= e=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">L/4250 (November 1975),= p. 3. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond';= font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 0pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-siz= e:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">32 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"f= ont-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">BHALA, Raj (1998): </span><sp= an class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt; = letter-spacing:0.1pt">=E2=80=9C</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-f= amily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">National Security and Internationa= l Trade Law: What the GATT Says, and what the United States </span><span cl= ass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> = ;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"st= l08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Does=E2=80=9D,= </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'= ; font-size:10pt">University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Econo= mic Law</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond';= font-size:10pt">, Vol 19, pp. 263, 273. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p clas= s=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">33 </sp= an><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:= 6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D= "line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garam= ond'; font-size:10pt">GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE, COUNCIL: =E2= =80=9CTrade Restrictions Affecting Argentina </span><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"f= ont-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Applied for Non-economic </sp= an><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:= 10pt">Reasons=E2=80=9D, C/M/157 (June 1982), p. 10. </span><span class=3D"s= tl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span>= </p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" sty= le=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05p= t">34 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; = font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, pp. 11-12. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D= "font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:11pt"><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter= -spacing:0.05pt">22 </span><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.= 05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span = style=3D"height:0pt; display:block; position:absolute; z-index:7"><img src= =3D"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnAAAAMoCAYAAABPud2NAAAAB= HNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBD6fLggAAB+hJREFUeJztzjENAgEQAMElIbwB= JKEbMyig+I4CCVTkcsmMgikAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAA+IfLdGCJe/WojukI672q53QCgN2u04ElPtW7uk1HWO+cDgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAPzyBUz0BO5NnbQiAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC= " width=3D"624" height=3D"808" alt=3D"" style=3D"position:absolute" /></spa= n><span class=3D"stl07">determine what their essential security interests a= re, justification had to be provided in cases where no </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">involvement of security interests were apparent</span>= <span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt= ">35</span><span class=3D"stl07">. Although a panel was not established, th= is discussion </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl= 01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">led the Contracting Pa= rties to adopt the </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINT= K+Garamond-Italic'">Decision concerning article XXI of the General Agreemen= t</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-= size:7pt">36</span><span class=3D"stl07">. The </span><span class=3D"stl07"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl07">document provides that when a measure is taken under Article XXI= , Contracting Parties must be </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p= ><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">notifi= ed, subject only to the exceptions in Article XXI (a). However, it still le= ft significant loopholes. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">It neither= provided an objective standard by which a panel could evaluate an Article = XXI claim nor </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl= 01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'= DTLNIC+Garamond'">defined =E2=80=9Creasons of security=E2=80=9D. It was als= o of a temporary character, until the Contracting Parties </span><span clas= s=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p cla= ss=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">decided to ma= ke a formal interpretation of the article. More significantly, it was a mis= sed opportunity </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"s= tl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">for members to provi= de clarification on the issue of justiciability. Instead, they determined t= hat all </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" st= yle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">contracting parties affected= by an Article XXI measure retained their full rights under the GATT. </spa= n><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-h= eight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Among those rights remains to bring forth= a complaint to a dispute settlement body and receive a </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">determination on the righteousness of the measure. The= document, therefore, seems to echo the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl= 07">position taken by the members during the preparatory works regarding Ar= ticle XXI not being in </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p cla= ss=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">conflict with= Article XXIII. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"s= tl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">In 1985, the US impo= sed a trade embargo against Nicaragua</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"= font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">37</span><span class=3D"stl07= ">, prompting the latter to bring a </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </sp= an></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">= complaint before the GATT Council. Nicaragua asked the Council to condemn t= he embargo and </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"st= l01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">request the US to rev= oke the measures on the grounds that these were taken as a coercion tool fo= r </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D= "line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">political reasons</span><span clas= s=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">38</span= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">. The Nicara= guan representative added that it was =E2=80=9Cabsurd to suggest that Nicar= agua, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">=  </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl07">a small and underdeveloped country, could pose a threat to the n= ational security of one of the most </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </sp= an></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" = style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">powerful countries in the world=E2= =80=9D, and further noted that there was currently no armed conflict betwee= n </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> = 0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"s= tl07">them</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamon= d'; font-size:7pt">39</span><span class=3D"stl07">. The US justified the em= bargo based on Article XXI (b) (iii) and sustained that proper </span><span= class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 2pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">notifica= tion of the measure was provided to the members. The US rejected the GATT= =E2=80=99s jurisdiction </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'= DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:= 12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">to judge political or security issues, reinforc= ing their claim that the organization could not approve or </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"= ><span class=3D"stl07">disapprove measures deemed to be necessary for the s= afeguard of national security interests</span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">40</span><span class=3D"s= tl07">. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" st= yle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC= +Garamond'">In regards to the jurisdiction of the GATT, Australia supported= the US=E2=80=99 challenge and added that the </span><span class=3D"stl08" = style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01"= style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">appropriate forum for dis= cussions of security issues was the United Nations Security Council</span><= span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt"= >41</span><span class=3D"stl07">. The </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </= span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07= ">EC approached the question differently, by simply stating that Article XX= I of GATT was self-judging. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><= p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">However,= they also noted that in exercising this discretion, members should act res= ponsibly, and with </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">discernment and= moderation, in order to avoid arbitrary invocations</span><span class=3D"s= tl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">42</span><span= class=3D"stl07">. Nineteen out of the forty-three </span><span class=3D"st= l07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span c= lass=3D"stl07">countries who addressed the Panel supported the self-judging= interpretation</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Ga= ramond'; font-size:7pt">43</span><span class=3D"stl07">. In contrast, Polan= d and </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" styl= e=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+G= aramond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">35 </span><span class=3D= "stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, = p. 12. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond';= font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:6= .5pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-si= ze:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">36 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"= font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">&#x= a0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"= stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">GENERAL AGRE= EMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE: =E2=80=9CDecision concerning article XXI of the= General </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond= '; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height= :10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-s= ize:10pt">Agreement=E2=80=9D, L/5426 (December 1982). </span><span class=3D= "stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </spa= n></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.0= 5pt">37 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'= ; font-size:10pt">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Executive Order No. 12513, (05/= 01/1985). </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamon= d'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-heigh= t:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font= -size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">38 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">GENERAL = AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE, COUNCIL: =E2=80=9CUnited States </span><spa= n class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">-= Trade measures affecting </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family= :'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" sty= le=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+= Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Nicaragua=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">, </span><spa= n class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">C= /M/188 (June 1985), p. 2. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family= :'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" sty= le=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+= Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">39 </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Dde= m, p. 3. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond= '; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height= :10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-s= ize:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">40 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D= "font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, pp. 4-5. </span>= <span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10p= t"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span cla= ss=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; lette= r-spacing:-0.05pt">41 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KL= LBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, p. 12. </span><span class=3D"stl= 08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"= >42 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fo= nt-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, p. 14. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl0= 1" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'K= LLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">43 </span><span c= lass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">ALFO= RD (2001), p. 713. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBI= D+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"l= ine-height:11pt"><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt">23 <= /span><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span style=3D"height:0pt; = display:block; position:absolute; z-index:8"><img src=3D"data:image/png;bas= e64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnAAAAMoCAYAAABPud2NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAl= wSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBD6fLggAAB/1JREFUeJzt2MEJAlEQBcFeFEEv5mAo5h+CYA5eRTACQdjD8K= EqgmZOjykAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAIAftumARV= yqW3WYDmF5r+o5HQHA2o7TAYu4VvfqPB3C8h4ZcADs5AP3n6065V7s96ne0xEAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAACv5AsAiBhzfolD7AAAAAElFTk= SuQmCC" width=3D"624" height=3D"808" alt=3D"" style=3D"position:absolute" /= ></span><span class=3D"stl07">Chile rejected the argument that the GATT was= not competent to know and decide Article XXI </span><span class=3D"stl07">=  </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl07">claims</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+= Garamond'; font-size:7pt">44</span><span class=3D"stl07">. </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"= ><span class=3D"stl07">There were also significant arguments against the se= lf-judging character of the article. The Cuban </span><span class=3D"stl07"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl07">delegate, siding with Nicaragua, stressed that whenever invoking= Article XXI, parties should be </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">requ= ired to justify it with relevant facts in order to prevent abuses of the sy= stem</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fo= nt-size:7pt">45</span><span class=3D"stl07">. Similarly, but </span><span c= lass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12p= t"><span class=3D"stl07">providing more specificity, India sustained that a= member invoking Article XXI (b) (iii) should provide </span><span class=3D= "stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><spa= n class=3D"stl07">a nexus between the measure taken and its security intere= st</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font= -size:7pt">46</span><span class=3D"stl07">. Brazil further noted that the i= nvocation </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" = style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">of the </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">article =E2=80=9Cshould = only be exercised in light of other international obligations such as those= assumed </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond= '"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span cla= ss=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">under the UN charter= =E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond= '; font-size:7pt">47</span><span class=3D"stl07">. </span><span class=3D"st= l07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span c= lass=3D"stl07">A panel was established to decide on the US trade embargo ag= ainst Nicaragua, but its terms of </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span= ></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">re= ference precluded it from examining or judging the validity or motivation f= or the invocation of </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Article XXI (b)= (iii) by the US</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+G= aramond'; font-size:7pt">48</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-famil= y:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">. These narrow terms were the result of a compromise, = given the US=E2=80=99 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DT= LNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12= pt"><span class=3D"stl07">opposition to the establishment of a panel if thi= s provision was to be evaluated. Nonetheless, the panel </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">still made some observations about the article. They s= uggested that even tough trade embargoes are </span><span class=3D"stl07">&= #xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl07">contrary to GATT principles of certainty and trade liberalizatio= n, the purpose of the article was not </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </= span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07= ">to make parties forego measures needed to protect their essential securit= y interests</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamo= nd'; font-size:7pt">49</span><span class=3D"stl07">. The most relevant </sp= an><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-= height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">contribution of the report was a stateme= nt stressing that a party invoking a measure under Article XXI </span><span= class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 2pt"><span class=3D"stl07">should carefully weigh its security needs agains= t the need to maintain stable trade relations</span><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">50</span><span class= =3D"stl07">. Despite </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">the report was = not adopted</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamo= nd'; font-size:7pt">51</span><span class=3D"stl07">, the panel implied the = standard of review under which an Article XXI </span><span class=3D"stl07">=  </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">measure would be analyze= d. They would consider if the member =E2=80=9Ccarefully=E2=80=9D, perhaps r= easonably, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamo= nd'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span c= lass=3D"stl07">weighted the balance of their alleged national security inte= rest being protected and the trade </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </spa= n></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">relationship with the member subject= ed to the measure. The panel=E2=80=99s view of a =E2=80=9Ccareful=E2=80=9D = balance when </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Gara= mond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span= class=3D"stl07">deciding the measure was the echo of statements of a signi= ficant number of States who considered </span><span class=3D"stl07"> <= /span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl0= 7">that the invocation of the article should be made with utmost prudence, = especially when invoked by a </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p>= <p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">develop= ed country. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01= " style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">The first and only compl= aint brought to a WTO panel has been United States-The Cuban Liberty and </= span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"lin= e-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Democratic Solidarity Act. The EC file= d a request for consultations after the US adopted the Cuban </span><span c= lass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12p= t"><span class=3D"stl07">Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act</span><span = class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">52</= span><span class=3D"stl07">. The US, following their same argument as in pr= evious cases, </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl= 01" style=3D"line-height:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:= 'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">44 </span><span= class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; l= etter-spacing:-0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-he= ight:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; fo= nt-size:10pt">GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE, COUNCIL: =E2=80=9CUni= ted States </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamo= nd'; font-size:10pt">- Trade measures affecting </span><span class=3D"stl08= " style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p>= <p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Nicaragua=E2=80=9D</span= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-= size:10pt">, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Gara= mond'; font-size:10pt">C/M/188 (June 1985), p. 8. </span><span class=3D"stl= 08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"= >45 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fo= nt-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, p. 5. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-f= amily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01= " style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KL= LBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">46 </span><span cl= ass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3= =8Ddem, p. 11. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Ga= ramond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-= height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; = font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">47 </span><span class=3D"stl08" st= yle=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, pp. 7-8. <= /span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-si= ze:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:6.5pt"><s= pan class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt= ; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">48 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fam= ily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"> </spa= n></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">GENERAL AGREEMENT ON= TARIFFS AND TRADE, COUNCIL: =E2=80=9CUnited States =E2=80=93 </span><span = class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Tra= de measures affecting </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KL= LBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Ga= ramond'; font-size:10pt">Nicaragua - </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"= font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Panel established under Arti= cle XXIII:2=E2=80=9D, C/M/196 (Apr. 1986). </span><span class=3D"stl08" sty= le=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p cl= ass=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fo= nt-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">49 </= span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-siz= e:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Ga= ramond'; font-size:10pt">GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE, PANEL REPO= RT (1986): =E2=80=9C</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLB= ID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">United States </span><span class=3D"stl08" st= yle=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=E2=80=93 </span><spa= n class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt; l= etter-spacing:0.05pt">Trade </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" styl= e=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">measures affecting Nica= ragua=E2=80=9D, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+G= aramond'; font-size:10pt">L/6053, </span><span class=3D"stl96" style=3D"let= ter-spacing:-0.05pt">=E2=81=8B</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fa= mily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">5.16. </span><span class=3D"stl08" = style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p= class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"= font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">50 = </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-s= ize:10pt">=C3=8Ddem. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLL= BID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D= "line-height:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Gara= mond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">51 </span><span class=3D"st= l08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacin= g:-0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><= span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt= ">The panel ultimately concluded that, as it couldn=E2=80=99t analyze this = provision, they could not find the US neither non</span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">- </span><span c= lass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> = 0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"s= tl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">compliant nor= compliant with its GATT obligations. See =C3=ADdem, </span><span class=3D"= stl96" style=3D"letter-spacing:-0.05pt">=E2=81=8B</span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">5.3. </span><spa= n class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">&= #xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:6.5pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-= spacing:-0.05pt">52 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLB= ID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"f= ont-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, REQ= UEST FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A PANEL BY THE </span><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"f= ont-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt">EUROPE= AN COMMUNITIES AND THEIR MEMBER STATES: =E2=80=9C</span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">United States - = The Cuban Liberty and Democratic </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl= 01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'= DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Solidarity Act=E2=80=9D, </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">WT/DS3= 8/2 (October 1996). </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLB= ID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"= line-height:11pt"><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt">24 = </span><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span style=3D"height:0pt;= display:block; position:absolute; z-index:9"><img src=3D"data:image/png;ba= se64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnAAAAMoCAYAAABPud2NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAA= lwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBD6fLggAAB+pJREFUeJzt1jENAgEQAMElgeJpMEKHfwsoeAeYwAHt5ciMg= i23AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA4D9dpgOWeFSv6jYdwnqf6j0dAcBu1+mAJe7VszqmQ1jvzMABAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAP30BKAkD775/hCYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=3D" width=3D"624"= height=3D"808" alt=3D"" style=3D"position:absolute" /></span><span class= =3D"stl07">invoked Article XXI to justify its measure</span><span class=3D"= stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">53</span><spa= n class=3D"stl07">. This</span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl07">was the first opportunity for a panel to fully analyze </span>= <span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-hei= ght:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Article XXI and issue a binding report. The= EC did not make counterarguments to the invocation of </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">the provision</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fon= t-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">54</span><span class=3D"stl07">;= perhaps because they had been on the other side of the dispute before and = used the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" s= tyle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">same exception to justify s= everal measures. The parties settled the case. </span><span class=3D"stl07"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'; letter-spacing:0.05= pt">V. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-B= old'; letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"l= ine-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamon= d-Bold'">Considerations by the International Court of Justice </span><span = class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">It i= s worth mentioning how another dispute settlement body, the International C= ourt of Justice (ICJ), </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p cla= ss=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">has understoo= d Article XXI in light of similar national security exception clauses in bi= lateral treaties. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D= "stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Nicaragua brought = a complaint to the ICJ alleging, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">inter alia</span><span class=3D"stl07">, = that the trade embargo imposed upon </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </sp= an></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">= them by the US was in open violation of the obligations acquired under the = bilateral treaty on </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Freedom, Commer= ce, and Navigation (FCN). The FCN contained a clause that stated that "the = </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"l= ine-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">present Treaty shall not preclude th= e application of measures ... (d) necessary to fulfill the obligations </sp= an><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-= height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">of a Party for the maintenance or restor= ation of international peace and security, or necessary to </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">protect its = essential security interests." The Court compared the FCN=E2=80=99</span><s= pan class=3D"stl07">s security exceptions with those </span><span class=3D"= stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span= class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">in the GATT. They = manifested that the GATT=E2=80=99s Article XXI contained the phrase </span>= <span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">it </s= pan><span class=3D"stl07">[the member] </span><span class=3D"stl07"> <= /span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">considers necessary</span= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">, and the FC= N, on the other hand, did not make reference =E2=80=9Cto what the party =E2= =80=98considers </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+G= aramond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><s= pan class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">necessary=E2=80= =99 for that purpose=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fam= ily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">55</span><span class=3D"stl07">. In i= ts decision, the ICJ found the trade embargo violated the FCN and </span><s= pan class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-heigh= t:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">that the security exception clause was not se= lf-judging. The Court also implied, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"f= ont-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">au contraire</span><span class=3D"stl0= 7">, that Article </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D= "stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">XXI of the GATT wa= s self-judging. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"s= tl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">In the Oil Platforms= Case</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; f= ont-size:7pt">56</span><span class=3D"stl07">, the ICJ addressed a controve= rsy dealing preliminarily with a similar </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = ;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"st= l07">exception under a FCN treaty. In this regard, the Court maintained the= opinion that such provisions </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p= ><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">were n= ot self-judging and therefore subject of an objective standard of review</s= pan><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size= :7pt">57</span><span class=3D"stl07">. However, in this case </span><span c= lass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12p= t"><span class=3D"stl07">the ICJ did not offer any analogy with the GATT se= curity exceptions clause. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"f= ont-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">It is possible to infer from the ICJ=E2=80=99= s statements that security exceptions are justiciable in the cases </span><= span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">conc= erned (Oil Platforms and Nicaragua). However, while acknowledging the justi= ciability of such </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D= "stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">exceptions under F= CN treaties, the ICJ clearly distinguished Article XXI of the GATT and infe= rred </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">its self-judging character. </s= pan><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line= -height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-B= old'; letter-spacing:0.05pt">VI. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'; letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"f= ont-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'">Academic Debate </span><span class=3D"st= l08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-f= amily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">53 </span= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10= pt">WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, DISPUTE SETTLEMENT BODY (1996): =E2=80=9C</sp= an><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:= 10pt">United States - The Cuban Liberty </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p clas= s=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">and Democratic Solidarity Act - R= equest by the European Communities and their member States for the establis= hment of </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond= '; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height= :10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-s= ize:10pt">a panel=E2=80=9D, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">WT/DSB/M/24. </span><span class=3D"st= l08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" styl= e=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt= ">54 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; f= ont-size:10pt">ORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, DISPUTE SETTLEMENT BODY (1997): =E2= =80=9CUnited States </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLB= ID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">- The Cuban Liberty </span><span class=3D"stl= 08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">and Democratic Solidarit= y Act - Request by the European Communities and their member States for the= establishment of </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID= +Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"li= ne-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond= '; font-size:10pt">a panel=E2=80=9D, WT/DSB/M/26. </span><span class=3D"stl= 08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:7pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">55 </span><span class=3D"= stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt"> </span>= </p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" sty= le=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">MILITARY AND PA= RAMILITARY ACTIVITIES IN AND AGAINST NICARAGUA </span><span class=3D"stl08"= style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">(Nicar. v. U.S.), = </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-s= ize:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><s= pan class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"= >International Court of Justice. Judgment, June 27, 1986, I.C.J. Rep. 14, <= /span><span class=3D"stl96" style=3D"letter-spacing:-0.05pt">=E2=81=8B</spa= n><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:1= 0pt">282. See also Opinion of Jose E. Alvarez, Sempra </span><span class=3D= "stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </spa= n></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Energy Int'l & C= amuzzi Int'l v. Republic of Argentina, ARB/02/16 and ARB/03/02, p. 6 (9/12/= 2005). Available at: </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLL= BID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D= "line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garam= ond'; font-size:10pt">http://ita.law.uvic.ca/documents/CamuzziSempraAlvarez= Opinion.pdf. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Gara= mond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-he= ight:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fo= nt-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">56 </span><span class=3D"stl08" styl= e=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">OIL PLATFORMS </= span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-siz= e:10pt">(Iran v. U.S.), International Court of Justice. Judgment on the Mer= its, November 6, 2003. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'K= LLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Ga= ramond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">57 </span><span class=3D"= stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">ALFORD (2001= ), p. 41. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamon= d'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-heigh= t:11pt"><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt">25 </span><sp= an class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p clas= s=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span style=3D"height:0pt; display:b= lock; position:absolute; z-index:10"><img src=3D"data:image/png;base64,iVBO= Rw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnAAAAMoCAYAAABPud2NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAA= OxAAADsQBD6fLggAACNVJREFUeJzt3SGOlFEQhdFb3QQxhBASCALFsAcWgUSyDRyrQbIBFJolIM= CwBWbSATOdYgVMGjPvr+Yc/cQnr3hJJQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADAVtTqgCGeJ3mb5GJ1CON9S/JxdQQAsxlwp7lIcplkvzqE8a6T/FgdA= QAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABwq1odcC66+2mSl6s7AGC4Y5LvVX= W1OmTL7q0OOCOvk3xYHQEAk3X3oareJPm8umXLdqsDAAD4NwYcAMAwBhwAwDAGHADAMAYcAMAwB= hwAwDAGHADAMAYcAMAwBhwAwDAuMZygu/dJHuSWwXs8Hu/vdrvD3VUBW1RV3d3H1R0wVVUdktys= 7tg6A+40L5K8T/Lwbw/2+/2z7v59d0nAFnX3r6p6t7oDBrtJ8nV1xNY5Zn+C7n6V5FOSJ6tbgM3= 7WVWPV0cA580fOACAYQw4AIBhDDgAgGEMOACAYQw4AIBhDDgAgGEMOACAYQw4AIBhDDgAgGGc0j= rNdXd/SfJodQiweW4iAwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA8H/4A42VM8T23pY0AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" width=3D"624= " height=3D"808" alt=3D"" style=3D"position:absolute" /></span><span class= =3D"stl07">The academic debate around the scope and extent of Article XXI o= f the GATT is diverse. While some </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span= ></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">sc= holars advocate for the justiciability of Article XXI, others argue that su= ch provision cannot be </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p cla= ss=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">subjected to the GATT=E2=80=99s dispute settleme= nt dispositions. Raj Bhala favors the latter interpretation. He </span><spa= n class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p>= <p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">contend= s that Article XXI (b) provides an effective solution to this debate, in th= e context that its own </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p cla= ss=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">language purposely inserts the word =E2=80=98it= =E2=80=99, and therefore =E2=80=9Cno WTO panel or other adjudicatory body, = </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> = </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl= 08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">has any right to determine whet= her a measure =E2=80=A6 satisfies its requirements=E2=80=9D</span><span cla= ss=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">58</spa= n><span class=3D"stl07">. He shares the defense </span><span class=3D"stl07= "> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span clas= s=3D"stl07">made by the EC regarding the trade embargo against Argentina, w= hich asserts that the sanctioning </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span= ></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">me= mber does not have to notify or justify to, or seek approval or ratificatio= n from any Member when </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p cla= ss=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">invoking Arti= cle XXI. He sustains that the </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fa= mily:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">Decision Concerning Article XXI </span><span= class=3D"stl07">does not impose on Members </span><span class=3D"stl07">&#= xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D= "stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">an obligation to notify sin= ce its wording lets them decide whether notification is =E2=80=9Cpossible= =E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond= '; font-size:7pt">59</span><span class=3D"stl07">. Although </span><span cl= ass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt= "><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">Bhala=E2=80= =99s argument is certainly valid, the </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D= "font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">Decision Concerning Article XXI </sp= an><span class=3D"stl07">should be read as imposing an </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">obligation to notify while giving the sanctioning memb= er the discretion to determine which details will </span><span class=3D"stl= 07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span cl= ass=3D"stl07">not be disclosed. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Bhal= a also suggests that while nothing prevents a State from bringing a claim a= gainst a member </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"s= tl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">invoking Arti</span>= <span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">cle XXI, a WT= O panel is not likely to adjudicate on the merits the claimant=E2=80=99s in= vocation </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond= '"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span cla= ss=3D"stl07">of that article</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">60</span><span class=3D"stl07">. He sa= ys it is likely that the WTO will keep interpreting its terms of reference = narrowly, </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" = style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">as in the US-Nicaragua rep= ort. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Bhala suggests that good faith = of the members is the </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CV= INTK+Garamond-Italic'">only </span><span class=3D"stl07">way to avoid abusi= ve invocations of article </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">XXI</span>= <span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt= ">61</span><span class=3D"stl07">. Nevertheless, he advocates for the delim= itation of Article XXI (b), based on a reasonableness </span><span class=3D= "stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><spa= n class=3D"stl07">standard that would objectively evaluate whether a reason= able government facing the same </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">circ= umstances would have invoked the provision. This argument appears to be in = contradiction with </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">his self-judgin= g interpretation of Article XXI. If the article is not justiciable, the que= stion remains open </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">on who should d= elimit subparagraph (b) and who should determine the reasonableness of the = measure. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" s= tyle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNI= C+Garamond'">Bhala does not clarify this. For Bhala=E2=80=99s claim of deli= mitation to be valid, it would have to at least </span><span class=3D"stl08= " style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl0= 1" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">require Article XXI (b)= to be justiciable. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Roger Alford an= alyzed the preparatory works and also advocates for the self-judging charac= teristic of </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01= " style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DT= LNIC+Garamond'">the exception, concluding that the members=E2=80=99 intenti= on was for Article XXI to be invoked in limited </span><span class=3D"stl08= " style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl0= 1" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">circumstances but for t= hem to reserve the right to determine when they would invoke it</span><span= class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">62<= /span><span class=3D"stl07">. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p= ><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Contra= ry to Bhala and Alford, other commentators have elaborated strong arguments= in favor of the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"= stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">justiciability of a= rticle XXI. Particularly, the opinions of Lindsay, Scholemann and Ohlhoff, = and </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Akande and Williams are notewor= thy. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Akande and Williams argue that = allowing Article XXI to be self-judging would be to undermine the </span><s= pan class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-heigh= t:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">legal= effects of the GATT since it will leave compliance with obligations to the= members=E2=80=99 discretion</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">63</span><span class=3D"stl07">. </spa= n><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-h= eight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Scholemann and Ohlhoff sustain that allow= ing members to block the jurisdiction of the dispute </span><span class=3D"= stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span= class=3D"stl07">settlement bodies just by invoking this article would be t= o transform a substantive issue into a </span><span class=3D"stl07"> <= /span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:= -0.05pt">58 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garam= ond'; font-size:10pt">BHALA (1998), pp. 268-69. </span><span class=3D"stl08= " style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p>= <p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"= >59 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fo= nt-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, pp. 270-271. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D= "font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-f= amily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">60 </span= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10= pt">=C3=8Ddem, p 279. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KL= LBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Ga= ramond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">61 </span><span class=3D"= stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, p= 313. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; = font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10= pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size= :6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">62 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fo= nt-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">ALFORD (2001), p. 699. </span>= <span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10p= t"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span cla= ss=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; lette= r-spacing:-0.05pt">63 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KL= LBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">AKANDE, Dapo & WILLIAMS, Sope </span><s= pan class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"= >(2003): =E2=80=9C</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID= +Garamond'; font-size:10pt">International Adjudication on National Security= Issues: What Role for </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'K= LLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Ga= ramond'; font-size:10pt">the WTO=E2=80=9D, </span><span class=3D"stl08" sty= le=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">Virginia Journa= l of International Law</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KL= LBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">, Vol. 43, pp. 365, 384. </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </= span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:11pt"><span class=3D"stl47= " style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt">26 </span><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"= letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-he= ight:12pt"><span style=3D"height:0pt; display:block; position:absolute; z-i= ndex:11"><img src=3D"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnAAAAMo= CAYAAABPud2NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBD6fLggAAB+pJREFUeJz= t1jERwlAUAMHL0MUCHbJQGEtUeEBBLNC9/MmugiuvAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAICr2KYDFvGs3tU+HcLyPtUxHQHA2gzcf/bqVT2mQ1jer/= pORwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAwH2cFFwEA92= pY9AAAAAASUVORK5CYII=3D" width=3D"624" height=3D"808" alt=3D"" style=3D"pos= ition:absolute" /></span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC= +Garamond'">procedural one, and would contradict the WTO=E2=80=99s purpose = of strengthening the multilateral system</span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">64</span><span class=3D"s= tl07">. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" st= yle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">They further argue that beca= use the DSU applies to all covered agreements, including the GATT, and </sp= an><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-= height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">there is no explicit reference excluding= Article XXI, it is clear that a panel has jurisdiction to decide </span><s= pan class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-heigh= t:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">these claims</span><span class=3D"stl08" styl= e=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">65</span><span class=3D"= stl07">. This argument is very compelling because, once again, members had = the opportunity </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"s= tl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">to exclude </span><s= pan class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">the invocations= of security exceptions from the DSU. Furthermore, they label as =E2=80=9Cc= learly </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">justiciable=E2=80=9D tho= se situations where there is no risk to a security interest or whenever a m= easure has no </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Gar= amond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><spa= n class=3D"stl07">effect protecting said interest</span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">66</span><span cl= ass=3D"stl07">. Nonetheless, this assertion remains dubious at best. The de= termination </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01= " style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">of essential security in= terests is subjective to each country and their sociopolitical circumstance= s; it is </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" s= tyle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNI= C+Garamond'">not possible for those limits to be =E2=80=9Cclear=E2=80=9D. <= /span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> <= /span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl0= 7">Scholemann and Ohlhoff tend to favor the position that while panels shou= ld have an interpretative </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">role, they= would not have definitional authority</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D= "font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">67</span><span class=3D"stl0= 7">. Clarifying this interpretation, Lindsay pointed out </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">that it is up to members to decide </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">what </span><span= class=3D"stl07">measure to apply, while leaving to a WTO panel the jurisdi= ction </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" styl= e=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">to objectively review </span><= span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">when </= span><span class=3D"stl07">the measure would be applied</span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">68</span>= <span class=3D"stl07">. It should be noted that a member, when </span><span= class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 2pt"><span class=3D"stl07">making a decision to protect its security intere= sts, does not only analyze the measure to be taken but </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">also the corre= ct timing and duration of it. Separating the substance of the measure from = the member=E2=80=99s </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTL= NIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12p= t"><span class=3D"stl07">determination of when to apply it would likely ren= der an incomplete and flawed analysis. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> <= /span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl0= 7">Lindsay suggests that the US </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">=E2=80=93 </span><span class=3D"stl07">Czechoslov= akia and EC </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garam= ond'">=E2=80=93 </span><span class=3D"stl07">Yugoslavia disputes are clear = indications that </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"= stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Article XXI is subj= ect to Article XXIII</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLB= ID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">69</span><span class=3D"stl07">. The Czechoslo= vakia case was significant since the GATT </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = 0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"s= tl07">Council did not deny jurisdiction to make a determination on the issu= e. The EC, in the dispute with </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">Yugoslavia, never objected the establish= ment of a panel, indicating that they would accept the panel=E2=80=99s </sp= an><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </sp= an></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">= jurisdiction to decide on the matter. The latter, in addition to Con</span>= <span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">tracting Part= ies=E2=80=99 statements during </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-f= amily:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-= height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">the preparatory works and the </span><sp= an class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">Decision = Concerning Article XXI</span><span class=3D"stl07">, have driven Lindsay to= suggest that it is </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">unlikely a pane= l would reject jurisdiction</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-famil= y:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">70</span><span class=3D"stl07">. Furthe= rmore, he warns about the large loophole that would </span><span class=3D"s= tl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span = class=3D"stl07">be created in the system if the WTO were to reject its juri= sdiction on Article XXI. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p c= lass=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fo= nt-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'">VII. Standard</span><span class=3D"stl08"= style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'"> </span><span class=3D"s= tl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'">of Review </span><span c= lass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">The p= anel in its non-binding report in </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fon= t-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">US </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D= "font-family:'UKTMOM+Garamond Italic'">=E2=80=93 </span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">Trade Measures Affecting = Nicaragua</span><span class=3D"stl07">, discussed above, hinted </span><spa= n class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:= 12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">which standard of review would be applicable in= the event of having the terms of reference to do so. </span><span class=3D= "stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><spa= n class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">The panel would a= nalyze if the member =E2=80=9Ccarefully=E2=80=9D weighted the balance of th= e security interest and </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'= DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:= 12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">the trade relation with the member subject of t= he measure. Nevertheless, it would be na=C3=AFve not to </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">stress that typically nations value their security int= erests much higher than its trade relations. </span><span class=3D"stl07">&= #xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl07">Consequently, while a member may give careful thought to its tra= de relations before imposing a </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">measu= re based on Article XXI, the balance will generally tilt towards safeguardi= ng its alleged national </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p cl= ass=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">security. </= span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"lin= e-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'= ; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">64 </span><span class=3D"stl08" = style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">SCHOLEMANN & OH= LHOFF (1999), pp</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+G= aramond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fo= nt-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">439-440. </span><span class=3D= "stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </spa= n></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.0= 5pt">65 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'= ; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, p. 441. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"= font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D= "stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">66 </span><s= pan class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"= >=C3=8Ddem, p. 443. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLB= ID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"= line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamo= nd'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">67 </span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, p. 44= 8. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fon= t-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.= 5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">68 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">LINDSAY (2003), p. 1287. </span><= span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt= "> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span clas= s=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter= -spacing:-0.05pt">69 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLL= BID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, pp. 1293-1294. </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </= span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08= " style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-= 0.05pt">70 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamo= nd'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl0= 1" style=3D"line-height:11pt"><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing= :0.05pt">27 </span><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt">&#= xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span style=3D= "height:0pt; display:block; position:absolute; z-index:12"><img src=3D"data= :image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnAAAAMoCAYAAABPud2NAAAABHNCSVQIC= AgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBD6fLggAACQ1JREFUeJzt3T1uFEEUhdH7WiMjILH4yUiQ= WANbYBeInMUQswx2QMIiyAgNJCDZGAfTRUBA6MEgqt9wjlRZBzfrT62WKgEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAIMnTJJ+TDMf5w/MmAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD/qZo94JiMMU6TnM7eAQCNrUk+VdX32= UO2bDd7wJF5keTl7BEA0NhFfr5L380esmUC7i9a1/X+sixPZu8AgK7GGOdVdWf2jq1bZg8AAOD3= CDgAgGYEHABAMwIOAKAZAQcA0IyAAwBoRsABADQj4AAAmhFwAADNuInhAGOMh0meJbl1zaOP1nV= 9/w8mAcCxutzv95ezR2ydgDvM4ySvkjy47sFl8VETAG5qjHG+2+1uz96xdWoDAKAZAQcA0IyAAw= BoRsABADQj4AAAmhFwAADNCDgAgGYEHABAMwIOAKAZNzEcZj/GOBtjXM0eAp1U1VWSdfYOoJWLJ= N9mj9g6AXeYparu5YCrtIBfqup5krezdwCtjCRfZo/YOgF3mEpyUlUns4dAM1+r6uPsEQDHxj9w= AADNCDgAgGYEHABAMwIOAKAZAQcA0IyAAwBoRsABADQj4AAAmhFwAADNuInhMGfrur5Ocnf2EOh= kWZYPszcAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA3MQPvAvLEyBY6Z8AAAAASUV= ORK5CYII=3D" width=3D"624" height=3D"808" alt=3D"" style=3D"position:absolu= te" /></span><span class=3D"stl07">Cann</span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">71</span><span class=3D"s= tl07">, joined by Akande and Williams</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"= font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">72</span><span class=3D"stl07= ">, hold that the determination of the necessity of a measure </span><span = class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12= pt"><span class=3D"stl07">for security reasons is subjective and as such sh= ould be determined by the members themselves and </span><span class=3D"stl0= 7"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span cla= ss=3D"stl07">not be reviewable by third parties. They also concur that a pa= nel should have the jurisdiction to </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </sp= an></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">= reviewing the measure under a good faith standard. Akande and Williams add = that in order to properly </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"f= ont-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">analyze the member=E2=80=99s good faith, a pa= nel would have to review the purpose of th</span><span class=3D"stl07">e me= asure</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; f= ont-size:7pt">73</span><span class=3D"stl07">. Both </span><span class=3D"s= tl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span = class=3D"stl07">positions seem contradictory. In order to determine good fa= ith under their proposed standard, and to </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = 0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"s= tl07">review the purpose of the measure, a panel must do some analysis of t= he necessity of the measure. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p>= <p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Further= more, Cann argues that applying </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">this good faith standard should be enough to =E2= =80=9Cprohibit </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Ga= ramond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:7pt"><spa= n class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">74= </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-= size:7pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><s= pan class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">discriminatory = actions=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+G= aramond'"> </span><span class=3D"stl07">. But, if the Contracting Part= ies had intended for security exception </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl= 07">invocations to be non-discriminatory they would have left them under Ar= ticle XX and subjected to </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">the chapea= u test. Akande and Williams suggest that in order to comply with the good f= aith standard, </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"st= l01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:= 'DTLNIC+Garamond'">the invoking member =E2=80=9Cmust genuinely believe that= the measure taken is necessary to protect its </span><span class=3D"stl08"= style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01= " style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DT= LNIC+Garamond'">national security interests=E2=80=9D. They argue a panel sh= ould examine whet</span><span class=3D"stl07">her the member considered an = </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"l= ine-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">essential security interest threaten= ed and whether the measure was a proportional response to the </span><span = class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12= pt"><span class=3D"stl07">threat</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">75</span><span class=3D"stl07">. H= owever, this interpretation would give panels too much authority to determi= ne what is not </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"st= l01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:= 'DTLNIC+Garamond'">an =E2=80=9Cessential security interest=E2=80=9D, what i= s not a =E2=80=9Cthreat=E2=80=9D, and what is not =E2=80=9Cproportionate re= sponse=E2=80=9D; these </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'D= TLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 2pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">determin= ations should always be left to the States=E2=80=99 since an objective eval= uation of these elements is </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-hei= ght:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">highly unlikely. </span><span class=3D"stl0= 7"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span cla= ss=3D"stl07">Scholemann and Ohlhoff, who also propose a good faith standard= of review, contend that it should </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </spa= n></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">b= e applied by analyzing the reasonableness of the measure</span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">76</span>= <span class=3D"stl07">. Akande and Williams reject the </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">reasonableness standard on the basis that the drafters= could have included this requirement but </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = 0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"s= tl07">refrained from doing so. Using the same argument, we could rebuttal t= heir good faith standard </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p c= lass=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">proposition= on the grounds that drafters could also have included a good faith require= ment. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" styl= e=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">The scholars that support the = good faith standard do recognize the challenges in applying it. Difficulty = </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"l= ine-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">of proving a government acted in bad= faith</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; = font-size:7pt">77 </span><span class=3D"stl07">and who bears the burden</sp= an><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:= 7pt">78 </span><span class=3D"stl07">are but a few of them. </span><span cl= ass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt= "><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'">VIII. = State</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bol= d'"> </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamon= d-Bold'">Practice </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF= +Garamond-Bold'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 2pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">The WTO = Agreement states that the organization =E2=80=9Cshall be guided by the deci= sions, procedures and </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DT= LNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12= pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">customary= practices=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBI= D+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">79 </span><span class=3D"stl07">of its members.= With this clause, the WTO acknowledged the prospective </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">effects of State practice </span><span class=3D"stl08"= style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">vis-a-vis </span><span clas= s=3D"stl07">the treaty. The VCLT provides for general and supplementary rul= es </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+G= aramond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">71 </span><span class=3D= "stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spa= cing:-0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt= "><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:1= 0pt">CANN, Wesley A. Jr. (2001): </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=E2=80=9C</span><span class=3D"s= tl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Creating Stan= dards and Accountability for the Use of the WTO Security Exception: </span>= <span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10p= t"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span cla= ss=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Reduci= ng the Role of Power-</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTL= NIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Based Relations and Establishing a New Balan= ce between Sovereignty and Multilateralism=E2=80=9D, </span><span class=3D"= stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span= ></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" st= yle=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">Yale Journal o= f International Law</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBI= D+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">, Vol. 26, pp. 413, 480. </span><span class=3D= "stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </spa= n></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.0= 5pt">72 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'= ; font-size:10pt">AKANDE & WILLIAM (2003), pp. 398-399. </span><span cl= ass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> = ;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"st= l08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacin= g:-0.05pt">73 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Gar= amond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, p. 396. </span><span class=3D"stl08" sty= le=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p cl= ass=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fon= t-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">74 </s= pan><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size= :10pt">CANN (2001), p. 452. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" s= tyle=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBI= D+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">75 </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">AKANDE &= amp; WILLIAMS (2003), p. 399. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fa= mily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01"= style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLL= BID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">76 </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">SCHOLE= MANN & OHLHOFF (1999), pp. 443-445. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p clas= s=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">77 </spa= n><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:1= 0pt">=C3=8Ddem; AKANDE & WILLIAMS (2003), p. 393. </span><span class=3D= "stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </spa= n></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.0= 5pt">78 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'= ; font-size:10pt">AKANDE & WILLIAMS (2003), p. 394. </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </= span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:= -0.05pt">79 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garam= ond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D= "stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">MARRAKESH AGREEMENT ESTABLISHING THE = WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, Morocco </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fon= t-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"st= l01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:= 'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">(4/15/1994), Article 16. </span><span cl= ass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> = ;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:11pt"><span class=3D"st= l47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt">28 </span><span class=3D"stl47" style= =3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"lin= e-height:12pt"><span style=3D"height:0pt; display:block; position:absolute;= z-index:13"><img src=3D"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnAA= AAMoCAYAAABPud2NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBD6fLggAACIFJREF= UeJzt3TFqFkAURtE7ksoi2KQSsgErNxA7s5W0rsTGvaRJkcZdWIRgZ6MQAoIyKdyAPyRMJpzTP/= jK270CAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAIBnaawesIl31ZfqzeohbO+6+rR6= BAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAM/PWD0A4CWbc76uzqvT1VtY6nd1Ncb4dujhnPN9dVZ9ry7HGPe= PPY79HK0eAPDCHVcX1cfVQ1hnzvlzjPGjOjjgqg/V5+q6+loJOHq1egAAAIcRcAAAmxFwAACbEX= AAAJsRcAAAmxFwAACbEXAAAJsRcAAAmxFwAACbEXAAAJsRcAAAm/HMHuAJzTmP+vfI/nj1Fpb6W= 92OMX4dejjnPKneVnfVzRjjz2OPAwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAgP/3ABfrI9qkU1wNAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC= " width=3D"624" height=3D"808" alt=3D"" style=3D"position:absolute" /></spa= n><span class=3D"stl07">for treaty interpretation</span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">80</span><span cl= ass=3D"stl07">. The general rule remains that a treaty should be interprete= d in light of the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D= "stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">principle of good = faith, its ordinary meaning with due regard for the context, and its object= and </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">purpose. Nevertheless, the VCLT= signals that together with the context, it should be taken into </span><sp= an class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height= :12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">account, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D= "font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">inter alia</span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">, =E2=80=9Cany subsequent practi= ce in the </span><span class=3D"stl07">application of the treaty which esta= blishes the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01= " style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DT= LNIC+Garamond'">agreement of the parties=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">81</span><span cl= ass=3D"stl07">. The VCLT, showing its own age, prompted the International L= aw </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Commission (ILC) to expand or c= larify the scope and content of several of its provision. In 2014, the </sp= an><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-= height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">ILC developed a series of guidelines for= the effects of subsequent practice of States in relation to </span><span c= lass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12p= t"><span class=3D"stl07">treaties</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">82</span><span class=3D"stl08" st= yle=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">. In its report, special rapporteur G= eorg Nolte referred to the WTO Appellate Body=E2=80=99s report </span><span= class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><= p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">on </spa= n><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">Japa= n </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'UKTMOM+Garamond Italic= '">=E2=80=93 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Gara= mond-Italic'">Alcoholic Beverages II</span><span class=3D"stl07">, which of= fered a definition of subsequent practice in treaty </span><span class=3D"s= tl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span = class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">interpretation as t= he sequence of acts or pronouncements that are =E2=80=9Cco</span><span clas= s=3D"stl07">ncordant, common, and </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span= ></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" st= yle=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">consistent=E2=80=9D</span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">83</span>= <span class=3D"stl07">. While acknowledging the position of the Appellate B= ody, he asserted that such standard </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </sp= an></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" = style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">establishes a high threshold under = Article 31 (3) (b) =E2=80=9Crequir[ing] a particularly broad</span><span cl= ass=3D"stl07">-based, settled, </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">and q= ualified form of collective practice in order to establish agreement betwee= n the parties regarding </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p cl= ass=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fon= t-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">interpretation=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"st= l08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">84</span><span = class=3D"stl07">. He further notes that the Appellate Body seems to have ta= ken that standard from </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p cla= ss=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Sir Ian Sincl= air</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fon= t-size:7pt">85</span><span class=3D"stl07">, who considered the value of su= bsequent practice dependent on </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-f= amily:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">=E2=80=9Cthe extent to which </span><span class=3D= "stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-f= amily:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">it is concordant, common and consistent=E2=80=9D. = Subsequently, in </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+= Garamond-Italic'">EC </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'UKT= MOM+Garamond Italic'">=E2=80=94 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">Computer Equipment</span><span class=3D"st= l07">, the Appellate </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Body loosened t= he criteria established in </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-famil= y:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">Japan </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fon= t-family:'UKTMOM+Garamond Italic'">=E2=80=93 </span><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">Alcoholic Beverages II</span>= <span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">. It held tha= t =E2=80=9C[t]he purpose of </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-hei= ght:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">treaty interpretation is to establish the <= /span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">= common </span><span class=3D"stl07">[emphasis in original] intention of the= parties to the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"s= tl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">treaty. To establish= this intention, the prior practice of only </span><span class=3D"stl08" st= yle=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">one </= span><span class=3D"stl07">[emphasis in original] of the parties </span><sp= an class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height= :12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">may be relevant, but it is clearly of more lim= ited value than the practice of </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">all parties=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" = style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">86</span><span class= =3D"stl07">. The Appellate </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p= class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Body impl= ied that in order for subsequent practice to be a legitimate mean of interp= retation it does </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"= stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">not need to be prac= ticed by all members. Rather, the interpretative value increases in the mea= sure </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">more members engage in such pra= ctice. Therefore, the lack of a formal interpretation of the article, </spa= n><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-h= eight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">together with these provisions and statem= ents, leads to the conclusion that pronouncements and </span><span class=3D= "stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><spa= n class=3D"stl07">actions by a majority of states is the most legitimate an= d reliable mechanism to interpret the scope and </span><span class=3D"stl07= "> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span clas= s=3D"stl07">applicability of Article XXI. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = 0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"s= tl07">During the preparatory works discussions, the Contracting Parties see= med to have accorded a special </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">treat= ment to Article XXI but nonetheless made it subject to judicial review unde= r the proper dispute </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">settlement mech= anisms. Due regard should be given to the statement by the US delegate, who= shared </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" st= yle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">that the security exceptions= were not outside the scope of the dispute settlement provisions. However, = </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"l= ine-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">there has been an apparent shift fro= m that position. The par</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'= DTLNIC+Garamond'">ties=E2=80=99 statements and practice since the </span><s= pan class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></= p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">GATT = entered into force seem to indicate that a significant number of States fav= or the position that </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-f= amily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">80 </span= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10= pt">VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF TREATIES (VCLT), Vienna (May 23, 1969) = Art. 31-32. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garam= ond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-hei= ght:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fon= t-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">81 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, Article 31 </= span><span class=3D"stl96" style=3D"letter-spacing:-0.05pt">=E2=81=8B</span= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10= pt">3(b). </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamon= d'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-heigh= t:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font= -size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">82 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">UNITED N= A</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-= size:10pt">TIONS, INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMISSION: =E2=80=9CSecond Report on s= ubsequent agreements and </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:= 'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" styl= e=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+G= aramond'; font-size:10pt">subsequent practice in relation to the interpreta= tion of treaties of Its Sixty-</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fa= mily:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Sixth Session=E2=80=9D, A/CN.4/671 = (3/ 26/2014) (</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Gar= amond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">ILC </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fo= nt-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p cla= ss=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">Report</span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">). </spa= n><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:1= 0pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span c= lass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">83 </= span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-siz= e:10pt">WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, APPELLATE BODY REPORT (1996): =E2=80=9CJa= pan =E2=80=94 Alcoholic Beverages II=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" s= tyle=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">, </span><spa= n class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:= 10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span = class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">WT/= DS8/AB/R, WT/DS10/AB/R, WT/DS11/AB/R. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D= "font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-f= amily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">84 </span= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10= pt">ILC Report, </span><span class=3D"stl96" style=3D"letter-spacing:-0.05p= t">=E2=81=8B</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garam= ond'; font-size:10pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt">21. </span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt; letter-spacing:0= .05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span= class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">85 = </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-s= ize:10pt">SINCLAIR, Ian (1984): </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'; font-size:10pt">The Vienna Convention on t= he Law of Treaties </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBI= D+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">(Manchester University Press), p. 137. </span>= <span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10p= t"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:7pt"><span clas= s=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">86 </spa= n><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7= pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span cl= ass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">WORLD= TRADE ORGANIZATION, APPELLATE BODY REPORT (1998): =E2=80=9CEC =E2=80=94 Co= mputer Equipment=E2=80=9D, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-famil= y:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" st= yle=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID= +Garamond'; font-size:10pt">WT/DS62/AB/R, WT/DS67/AB/R, WT/DS68/AB/R, </spa= n><span class=3D"stl96" style=3D"letter-spacing:-0.05pt">=E2=81=8B</span><s= pan class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt;= letter-spacing:0.05pt">93. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:11pt"><span class=3D"stl47" styl= e=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt">29 </span><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter= -spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 2pt"><span style=3D"height:0pt; display:block; position:absolute; z-index:1= 4"><img src=3D"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAnAAAAMoCAYAAA= BPud2NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBD6fLggAAB9RJREFUeJztzgENg= DAQALFDATYQiQCM4WsmSD4jrYIWAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAB84pgObOKqnuqcjrC9t7q= nEwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAD81wJhPAIC+uXKoAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg=3D=3D" width= =3D"624" height=3D"808" alt=3D"" style=3D"position:absolute" /></span><span= class=3D"stl07">the invocation of national security exception is enough to= preclude a panel from knowing and judging </span><span class=3D"stl07">&#x= a0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"= stl07">the righteousness of such measure. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = 0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"s= tl07">Close attention must also be paid to the frequency with which members= have invoked Article XXI </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">and brough= t complaints under it. The few Article XXI cases brought to the GATT/WTO du= ring its </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" s= tyle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">more than 60-year history e= vidences a lot of restraint from members in invoking security exceptions. <= /span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"li= ne-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">This restraint, however, together wit= h weak dispute settlement provisions that were in place before </span><span= class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 2pt"><span class=3D"stl07">the adoption of the DSU, must be the principal r= eason panels and appellate bodies have not had the </span><span class=3D"st= l07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span c= lass=3D"stl07">opportunity to determine the justiciability and scope of the= article, much less its standard of review. </span><span class=3D"stl07">&#= xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D= "stl07">One reason for such restraint may be that States acknowledge that t= he ambiguity surrounding the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p>= <p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">justici= ability of the articl</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTL= NIC+Garamond'">e actually favors them. Scholars as Lindsay favor this =E2= =80=98constructive=E2=80=99 ambiguity, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" styl= e=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">arguing that allowing members = to address the security exception through less formal methods permits </spa= n><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-h= eight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">greater flexibility in timing and respons= e, protects real and perceived concerns over national </span><span class=3D= "stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><spa= n class=3D"stl07">sovereignty, and provides the necessary checks against ab= use of these exceptions</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'K= LLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">87</span><span class=3D"stl07">. </span><sp= an class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height= :12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">In the discussions regarding </span><span clas= s=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">United States </= span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'UKTMOM+Garamond Italic'">= =E2=80=93 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamon= d-Italic'">Trade Measures Affecting Nicaragua </span><span class=3D"stl07">= a majority of States seemed </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><= p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">to have = agreed that an Article XXI invocation should be made in good faith and exer= cised with </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01"= style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">prudence; but leaving tho= se determinations to each member. As Alford has correctly pointed out, </sp= an><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-= height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">regardless a panel may interpret it othe= rwise, Article XXI </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINT= K+Garamond-Italic'; letter-spacing:0.05pt">has </span><span class=3D"stl07"= >been self-judging</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID= +Garamond'; font-size:7pt">88</span><span class=3D"stl07">. </span><span cl= ass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt= "><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'">IX. </= span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'">&#x= a0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"= stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'">Mitigating Abuses </spa= n><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'"> = </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl= 07">The main argument of States who oppose the self-judging interpretation = is that this determination will </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">lead= to abuses and its invocation could serve as a hard bargaining technique us= ed by powerful members </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p cla= ss=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">against weak = ones. These are valid concerns; nonetheless, States themselves can prevent = abuses by </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" = style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">holding each other account= able in a number of ways. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Alford has= suggested four mechanisms contemplated by the WTO which would help mitigat= ing abuse </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" = style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">of the clause. Under Artic= le XXXV of the GATT, and upon the accession of a new member, a </span><span= class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 2pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Contracting Party may declare their trading rela= tions will not be subject to GATT/WTO obligations</span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">89</span><span cl= ass=3D"stl07">. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"s= tl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Since a super-majori= ty is needed to accede the organization, according to Alford the purpose of= the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">article was to allow members wh= o voted against the admission not to be obliged towards the new </span><spa= n class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:= 12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">member. This opt-out, or non-application, provi= sion has seldom been invoked. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p= ><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Just a= s the system lets members opt-out of obligations, Article XXIV permits part= ies to enter into </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D= "stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">preferential trade= agreements (PTA) to further liberalize trade between its members. Alford s= uggests </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" st= yle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">that members of a PTA can in= corporate an objective security exception. This way, the invocation of </sp= an><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-= height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">such security exception will be justicia= ble in relation to the PTA members, while the self-judging </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"= ><span class=3D"stl07">standard will remain for non-PTA members</span><span= class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">90<= /span><span class=3D"stl07">. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p= ><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"= >87 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fo= nt-size:10pt">LINDSAY (2003), p. 1312. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p clas= s=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-= family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">88 </spa= n><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:1= 0pt">ALFORD (2001), p. 708. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" s= tyle=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBI= D+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">89 </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Dde= m, p. 726. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamo= nd'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-heig= ht:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font= -size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">90 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, p. 733. </spa= n><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:1= 0pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:11pt"><span c= lass=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt">30 </span><span class=3D"stl= 47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" sty= le=3D"line-height:12pt"><span style=3D"height:0pt; display:block; position:= absolute; z-index:15"><img src=3D"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUh= EUgAAAnAAAAMoCAYAAABPud2NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBD6fLgg= AAB+hJREFUeJztzkENAgEQALGBkPsgABTiClenAgN8kbFZ0ipoAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADwVy7TgSWO6lFd= pyOs960+0wkAdrtNB5Z4Vq/qPh1hvbN6TycAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAF= b4ARMGBADJpJB4AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" width=3D"624" height=3D"808" alt=3D"" style= =3D"position:absolute" /></span><span class=3D"stl07">Another mechanism a m= ember can implement is altering the discretionary tariff benefits given to = other </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" styl= e=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">members. However, these discre= tionary tariff benefits can only be applied by developed countries </span><= span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">vis- </= span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">&= #xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'CVINTK+Garamond-Italic'">a-vis </span><spa= n class=3D"stl07">developing countries</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D= "font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">91</span><span class=3D"stl0= 7">. Nonetheless, this alternative could prevent the over invocation of Art= icle </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">XXI, since a developed country = could meet its objectives by removing or suspending a tariff benefit </span= ><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-he= ight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">without the need of invoking a security ex= ception. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" s= tyle=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">The WTO also contemplates c= ases where a measure adopted is not contrary to the covered agreements </sp= an><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-= height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">but nonetheless nullifies or impairs ben= efits. In fact, when discussing the inclusion of this non- </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"= ><span class=3D"stl07">violation remedy</span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">92</span><span class=3D"s= tl07">, the working party used the example of an invocation under the secur= ity exceptions </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"st= l01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:= 'DTLNIC+Garamond'">which would be permissible by the Charter but could none= theless impair or nullify other members=E2=80=99 </span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl= 01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">benefits</span><span c= lass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">93</s= pan><span class=3D"stl07">. In those cases, the working party continued, a = member could bring a claim not on the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </= span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07= ">grounds that the measure violates the Charter, but on the basis of an imp= airment or nullification of </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><= p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">benefits= . Therefore, while a Panel could not review an Article XXI measure, it woul= d retain the </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl0= 1" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">jurisdiction determine = whether there is an impairment or nullification of benefits. The invoking <= /span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"li= ne-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">member does not have to remove the me= asure, but the affected party is entitled to damages</span><span class=3D"s= tl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">94</span><span= class=3D"stl07">. Alford </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p = class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"f= ont-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">correctly argues that this is an exceptional = remedy which =E2=80=9Cshould be approached with caution=E2=80=9D</span><spa= n class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">95= </span><span class=3D"stl07">and </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span= ></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">th= erefore should be invoked only for controversial national security invocati= ons</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fon= t-size:7pt">96</span><span class=3D"stl07">. </span><span class=3D"stl07">&= #xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl07">Member States also have the ability to solve the issues that pro= mpt the adoption of Article XXI </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">meas= ures by recurring to alternate mechanisms other than those contemplated in = the GATT/WTO. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl= 01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">For example, the US re= ached an agreement with the EC outside the GATT/WTO system, which led </spa= n><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-h= eight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">the latter to withdraw its WTO complaint.= </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"= line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Parties who are members of the same= regional organization could attempt to discuss the issue and </span><span = class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12= pt"><span class=3D"stl07">work out a solution with the help of other member= s; or, they can use it as a platform to rally support </span><span class=3D= "stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><spa= n class=3D"stl07">for their position. Moreover, members must certainly look= to the United Nations to seek redress for </span><span class=3D"stl07">&#x= a0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"= stl07">measures adopted for national security reasons. Article 33 of the Un= ited Nations Charter mandates </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p= ><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">partie= s to any dispute which is likely to endanger the maintenance of internation= al peace and security </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p clas= s=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">to seek soluti= ons through the appropriate means of pacific settlement of disputes. The Se= curity </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" sty= le=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Council, when it deems it nec= essary, can call upon the parties to solve their dispute through such </spa= n><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-h= eight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">means</span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">97</span><span class=3D"s= tl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">. It can be argued that State= =E2=80=99s real or perceived threat to its national security is likely to e= ndanger </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'= "> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span clas= s=3D"stl07">or constitute a threat to international peace and security. Con= sequently, if a State believes its national </span><span class=3D"stl07">&#= xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D= "stl07">security is compromised because of the actions another State, it co= uld recur to the United Nations </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span><= /p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">syst= em to seek relief instead of imposing a GATT/WTO measure under Article XXI<= /span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-si= ze:7pt">98</span><span class=3D"stl07">. In fact, during </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">the preparatory works of the GATT the Contracting Part= ies addressed which organization, if any, was </span><span class=3D"stl07">=  </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-= spacing:-0.05pt">91 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLB= ID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, p. 741. </span><span class=3D"stl0= 8" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p= ><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"= >92 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fo= nt-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem, p. 747. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl= 01" style=3D"line-height:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:= 'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">93 </span><span= class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; l= etter-spacing:-0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-he= ight:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; fo= nt-size:10pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt">UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND= EMPLOYMENT: =E2=80=9C</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KL= LBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Report of Working Party of Sub- </span><spa= n class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">&= #xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Committe= e G of Committee VI on Chapter VIII=E2=80=9D, </span><span class=3D"stl08" = style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">E/CONF.2/C.6/W.30 (= 1/9/1948). </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamo= nd'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-heig= ht:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fon= t-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">94 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"= > </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt; letter-s= pacing:0.05pt">MARRAKESH AGREEMENT ESTABLISHING THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATIO= N, Understanding on </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLB= ID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p cl= ass=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fon= t-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Rules and Procedures Governing = the Settlement of Disputes Article 26 </span><span class=3D"stl10" style=3D= "font-size:10pt; letter-spacing:normal">=E2=81=8B </span><span class=3D"stl= 08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">1(b), Annex 2, = (1994) (DSU). </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Gar= amond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-h= eight:7pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; fo= nt-size:7pt">95 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+G= aramond'; font-size:7pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-= height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; = font-size:10pt">WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, APPELLATE BODY REPORT (2001): =E2= =80=9CEuropean Communities</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family= :'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt">-Measures </span= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10= pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"lin= e-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'= ; font-size:10pt">Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-</span><span class=3D"stl= 08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Containing Prod= ucts=E2=80=9D, </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Ga= ramond'; font-size:10pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt">WT/DSl35/AB/R, </span><span= class=3D"stl96" style=3D"letter-spacing:-0.05pt">=E2=81=8B</span><span cla= ss=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">186. <= /span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-si= ze:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><sp= an class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt;= letter-spacing:-0.05pt">96 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fami= ly:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">ALFORD (2001), p. 748. </span><span c= lass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> = 0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"s= tl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spaci= ng:-0.05pt">97 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Ga= ramond'; font-size:10pt">UNITED NATIONS CHARTER, San Francisco (6/26/1945) = Article 33, </span><span class=3D"stl10" style=3D"font-size:10pt; letter-sp= acing:normal">=E2=81=8B </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'= KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">2. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"= font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D= "stl01" style=3D"line-height:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-fam= ily:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt">98 </span><= span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5p= t; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"lin= e-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'= ; font-size:10pt">With due regard to the imbalance that exists between coun= tries with veto power in the Security Council and those </span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </= span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08= " style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">without it. </spa= n><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:1= 0pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:11pt"><span c= lass=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt">31 </span><span class=3D"stl= 47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" sty= le=3D"line-height:12pt"><span style=3D"height:0pt; display:block; position:= absolute; z-index:16"><img src=3D"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUh= EUgAAAnAAAAMoCAYAAABPud2NAAAABHNCSVQICAgIfAhkiAAAAAlwSFlzAAAOxAAADsQBD6fLgg= AAB+tJREFUeJzt1rENwlAUwEBHKGU6FmBERmGzLJI6LSvQPX1xN4FLFwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMCEbTpgEa/qXR3TISzvrD7TEQCszcD9Zq+e= 1WM6hOXd1TUdAQAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA= AAwH/7AvqBBAONN6eIAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" width=3D"624" height=3D"808" alt=3D"" s= tyle=3D"position:absolute" /></span><span class=3D"stl07">to determine the = impact of political measures in the international trade system. They agreed= it should </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01"= style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">to be the United Nations = and not the trade organization. Particularly, the representatives of the Un= ited </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">Kingdom and Greece stated that = the trade organization was to be created to deal with economic </span><span= class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 2pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">measures= and not political matters, and as such the latter should be under the Unit= ed Nations=E2=80=99 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLN= IC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt= "><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">competence.= The Greek delegate went further by arguing that =E2=80=9Can economic measu= re taken for </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Gara= mond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span= class=3D"stl07">political reasons was not properly speaking an economic me= asure but a political measure and as such </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = 0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"s= tl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">was not of the competence of = the [trade] Organization=E2=80=9D</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font= -family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">99</span><span class=3D"stl08" st= yle=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">. The US delegate=E2=80=99s statement= followed the </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Gar= amond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><spa= n class=3D"stl07">same argument as the British and Greek representatives, b= ut emphasized that a political dispute was </span><span class=3D"stl07">&#x= a0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"= stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">to be dealt by the United Na= tions when the issue was within its jurisdiction, and that the Conference= =E2=80=99s </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamo= nd'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span c= lass=3D"stl07">function was not to take any stand on whether or not it supp= orted unilateral economic sanctions</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"fo= nt-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:7pt">100</span><span class=3D"stl07"= >. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">The Committee recommended draft= ing a specific article that would clarify the relationship and </span><span= class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 2pt"><span class=3D"stl07">jurisdiction of the new trade organization and t= he United Nations</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+= Garamond'; font-size:7pt">101</span><span class=3D"stl07">, but it never ma= de it to the final </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class= =3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">General Agreeme= nt. </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style= =3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Ga= ramond-Bold'; letter-spacing:0.05pt">X. </span><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'; letter-spacing:0.05pt"> </span= ></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" st= yle=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'">Conclusion </span><span class=3D= "stl08" style=3D"font-family:'IHQAMF+Garamond-Bold'"> </span></p><p cl= ass=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">This paper h= as attempted to gather the various, and contradictory, interpretations give= n by several </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl0= 1" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'D= TLNIC+Garamond'">sources regarding Article XXI=E2=80=99s justiciability. An= y member can request the establishment of a panel to </span><span class=3D"= stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D= "stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">analyze the validi= ty of an Article XXI exception, as they have this right under Article VI of= the DSU, </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" = style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">but we consider the panel = should reach the conclusion that the invoking member has the right to </spa= n><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-h= eight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">determine the appropriateness of the meas= ure. A WTO panel should not have the jurisdiction to define </span><span cl= ass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt= "><span class=3D"stl07">what does not constitute a national security intere= st, an essential security interest, or an emergency in </span><span class= =3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><= span class=3D"stl07">international relations. Members must be the ones who = determine what issues concern their national </span><span class=3D"stl07">&= #xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl07">security and the measures to be taken in order to safeguard them= . </span><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D= "line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garam= ond'">Although some arguments in favor of Article XXI=E2=80=99s justic</spa= n><span class=3D"stl07">iability are persuasive, particularly the fact </sp= an><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-= height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">that members had several opportunities t= o clarify or modify the article to make it expressly self- </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"= ><span class=3D"stl07">judging, Article XXI should not be reviewable. If, a= s proposed by some scholars, a panel should have </span><span class=3D"stl0= 7"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span cla= ss=3D"stl07">the jurisdiction only to determine the necessity or the timing= of the measure, such analysis could not </span><span class=3D"stl07"> = ;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"st= l07">be made without making an assessment of its content and purpose. </spa= n><span class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-h= eight:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">The most compelling argument in favor of = its self-judging characteristic is the interpretation States </span><span c= lass=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12p= t"><span class=3D"stl07">have given to it. While concerns for abuse of the = clause are valid, bringing a complaint to a </span><span class=3D"stl07">&#= xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D= "stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">GATT/WTO panel is not the o= nly mechanism an affected member can use to seek relief. The article=E2=80= =99s </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">&= #xa0;</span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class= =3D"stl07">ambiguity is not necessarily bad for the system, and the m</span= ><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'">embers=E2=80= =99 restraint in invoking it demonstrates </span><span class=3D"stl08" styl= e=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" sty= le=3D"line-height:12pt"><span class=3D"stl07">an underlying commitment not = to abuse the invocation of security exceptions and an implied </span><span = class=3D"stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12= pt"><span class=3D"stl07">recognition of alternative means to safeguard its= security interests. The time may come sooner rather </span><span class=3D"= stl07"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:12pt"><span= class=3D"stl07">than later for a panel to finally issue a binding decision= on the justiciability and scope of Article XXI. </span><span class=3D"stl0= 7"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:6.5pt"><span cl= ass=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; lett= er-spacing:-0.05pt">99 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'K= LLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"> </span></p>= <p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">UNITED NATIONS CONFERENC= E ON TRADE AND EMPLOYMENT: =E2=80=9CSummary Record of the Thirty</span><spa= n class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">-= </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-= size:10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><= span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt= ">Seventh Meeting=E2=80=9D, E/CONF,2/C.6/SR.37 (3/11/19</span><span class= =3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">48). </s= pan><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size= :10pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span= class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; l= etter-spacing:-0.05pt">100 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-famil= y:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">=C3=8Ddem. </span><span class=3D"stl08= " style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p>= <p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:6.5pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style= =3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"= >101 </span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; f= ont-size:6.5pt; letter-spacing:-0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01"= style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'DTL= NIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND EMPLO= YMENT: =E2=80=9CReport of the Sixth Committee: </span><span class=3D"stl08"= style=3D"font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt"> </span></p><= p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:10pt"><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D= "font-family:'DTLNIC+Garamond'; font-size:10pt">Organization=E2=80=9D, E/CO= NF.2/68 (1948), Article 83 </span><span class=3D"stl96" style=3D"letter-spa= cing:-0.05pt">=E2=81=8B</span><span class=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'K= LLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt; letter-spacing:0.05pt">a. </span><span cla= ss=3D"stl08" style=3D"font-family:'KLLBID+Garamond'; font-size:10pt; letter= -spacing:0.05pt"> </span></p><p class=3D"stl01" style=3D"line-height:1= 1pt"><span class=3D"stl47" style=3D"letter-spacing:0.05pt">32 </span><span = class=3D"stl47" 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