Analysis of scientific studies on floral morphology as an adaptive strategy of Angiosperms to the environment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.37387/ipc.v14i1.428Keywords:
Self-fertilization, coevolution, entomophily, hercogamy, floral syndromeAbstract
Floral morphology in angiosperms is presented as a fundamental adaptive strategy in their evolution, one that is closely related to interactions with pollinators. This article reviews some scientific research showing how flowers have developed phenotypic variations, such as color, fragrance emission, size, and the arrangement of sexual organs, to improve their reproductive efficiency through cross-pollination. The position of the sexual organs may be linked to evolution, since in the case of heterostyly, homostyly, and hercogamy, these are probably due to the selective pressures exerted by pollinating organisms, optimizing contact between the stigma and the anthers. On the other hand, perianth morphology and the presence of floral spurs have evolved to make the type of pollinator more specific, promoting specialization. It is highlighted that floral syndromes, such as myophily, ornithophily, chiropterophily, and psychophily, are examples of adaptation to specific pollinator groups, promoting fertilization and genetic exchange. Furthermore, under adverse conditions, self-fertilization could be considered a survival mechanism, thus demonstrating the reproductive plasticity of angiosperms. Finally, the role of floral structures in emitting chemical and visual signals that could influence pollinator visits is emphasized. In this sense, the aim is to explain how the coevolution between flowers and pollinators is an exemplary model of natural selection that influences the diversification of angiosperms and the complexity of their reproductive strategies.
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