Vol. 14 No. 1 (2026): Investigación y Pensamiento Crítico

The Universidad Católica Santa María La Antigua of Panamá is pleased to present to the scientific community in general the first edition of the 2026 Investigación y Pensamiento Crítico Journal (IPC), corresponding to volume 14, number 1.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37387/ipc.v14i1

Published: 2026-01-02

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Essays

Living and feeling sport: Fanaticism through a Psychological lens

Edgardo F. Lasso F.

05-09
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Analysis of scientific studies on floral morphology as an adaptive strategy of Angiosperms to the environment

Irvin Gómez

10-19
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Corporate Liability and Consumer Protection: A Comparative Analysis between the Panamanian Case El Dorado Mac, S.A. (1998) and the U.S. Case Liebeck v. McDonald’s (1994)

Natto Cornejo Madrigal

20-25
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The Influence of Sociology on the Analysis of the Role of the Defender of Children and Adolescents

David Arias De León

26-28
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The Electronic Bill of Lading: challenges and perspectives for its implementation in Panamanian maritime trade

Mónica Zulay Ivankovich L´Hoeste

29-33
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Alternative Sentences in the Panamanian Criminal Code

Darling E. Delgado Polanco

34-39
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Articles

Math Assessment: Neurodiversity in Spain and the United States

Celia Gallardo Herrerías

40-45
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Didactic Competencies for an Affective and Effective Higher Education in Times of Educational Transformation

Marvin Zulema Mendoza

46-60
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Application of the Ant Colony Algorithm to the Routing Problem

Edilma Judith Díaz, Julio Trujillo-González; Noriel Cosme; Daniel Sánchez Díaz, Abraham De Sedas

61-68
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Light Curve and Physical Properties of Near-Earth Asteroid (137170) 1999 HF1

Joaquín Fabrega Polleri, Carlos Alberto Fernández Valdés, José Antonio Duque Vozmediano, Javier Martínez Amaya

69-83
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Brain Gain and Early Career Researchers in Panama

Nadia De León Sautú, Delfina D’Alfonso

84-102
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Optimizing space and quality of life through the design of nano-homes for low-income people

Reyner Santos Valdés

103-114
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History of Uncultivated Land Allocations in the Golfo de Montijo s’ Islands (19th-20th centuries)

Enrique Emanuel Olmedo Bonilla

115-126
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The role of Institutional Bioethics Committees in Panama in relation to regulation and research practice: analysis 2018–2022

Sebastián Reyes Alvarado, Aura Franco Gutierrez, Gustavo Mizraim González

127-137
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Vol. 14 No. 1 (2026): Investigación y Pensamiento Crítico

Full Issue

Essays

Living and feeling sport: Fanaticism through a Psychological lens

Analysis of scientific studies on floral morphology as an adaptive strategy of Angiosperms to the environment

Corporate Liability and Consumer Protection: A Comparative Analysis between the Panamanian Case El Dorado Mac, S.A. (1998) and the U.S. Case Liebeck v. McDonald’s (1994)

The Influence of Sociology on the Analysis of the Role of the Defender of Children and Adolescents

The Electronic Bill of Lading: challenges and perspectives for its implementation in Panamanian maritime trade

Alternative Sentences in the Panamanian Criminal Code

Articles

Math Assessment: Neurodiversity in Spain and the United States

Didactic Competencies for an Affective and Effective Higher Education in Times of Educational Transformation

Application of the Ant Colony Algorithm to the Routing Problem

Light Curve and Physical Properties of Near-Earth Asteroid (137170) 1999 HF1

Brain Gain and Early Career Researchers in Panama

Optimizing space and quality of life through the design of nano-homes for low-income people

History of Uncultivated Land Allocations in the Golfo de Montijo s’ Islands (19th-20th centuries)

The role of Institutional Bioethics Committees in Panama in relation to regulation and research practice: analysis 2018–2022

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